1191 - Mashpedia Real-time Encyclopedia

This article is about the year 1191.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	11th century – 12th century – 13th century
Decades:	1160s 1170s 1180s – 1190s – 1200s 1210s 1220s
Years:	1188 1189 1190 – 1191 – 1192 1193 1194

1191 by topic
Politics
State leaders – Sovereign states
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Art and literature
1191 in poetry
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Year 1191 (MCXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events [edit]

July 12 – Saladin's garrison surrenders, ending the two-year siege of Acre. Conrad of Montferrat, who has negotiated the surrender, raises the banners of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and of the Third Crusade leaders Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Leopold V of Austria on the city's walls and towers. Richard stays to push on to Jerusalem, but Philip returns to France to take possession of a part of Flanders whose count had died at the siege of Acre. Back in France, Philip also schemes with Richard's brother, John of England, to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's (and Richard's) mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, foils the plan.^[1]
September 7 – Richard I of England defeats Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf during the Third Crusade.
Khmer King Jayavarman VII sacks the capital of Champa.

April 17 – Tusculum is destroyed by the army of the Commune of Rome.^[2]
May 12 – Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned by Pope Celestine III.
Duke Berthold V of Zähringen founds the city of Bern (present-day Switzerland).
After having failed in their endeavor the year before, the Almohads reconquer the city of Silves in Portugal.^[3] In the same campaign, the Almohads take also Alcácer so Sal while Palmela and Almada are sacked.^[4]

The monks of Glastonbury Abbey announce that they have found the burial sites of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere.

The first reference to the windmill in Europe is made by a Dean Herbert of East Anglia, whose mills are supposedly in competition with the abbey of Bury St Edmunds. This is probably an invention imported from interaction with the Muslim world, since the first windmills were most likely innovated from the Bana Musa brothers in the Islamic Middle East during the middle 9th century. The windmill will spread in the other direction, to be introduced to China by as early as 1219.

April 14 – Pope Celestine III succeeds Pope Clement III as the 175th pope.
November 27 – Reginald fitz Jocelin is elected Archbishop of Canterbury.
Eisai founds the Rinzai Zen sect in Japan.
The monks of Glastonbury Abbey dig up the remains of a large knight and a blonde woman and announce to have discovered the tomb of king Arthur and Queen Guinevere.^[5]

^ King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 43
^ Jean-Claude Maire Vigueur (2010) L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains à l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle). Paris: Tallandier. pp.316.
^ Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
^ Grandsen, Antonia (2001). "The Growth of Glastonbury Traditions and Legends in the Twelfth Century". In J. P. Carley. Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian tradition. Boydell & Brewer. p. 43. ISBN 0-85991-572-7.