Bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis
Classification and external resources
An x ray of a child with RSV showing the typical bilateral perihilar fullness of bronchiolitis.
ICD-10	J21
ICD-9	466.1
DiseasesDB	1701
MedlinePlus	000975
eMedicine	emerg/365
MeSH	D001988

Bronchiolitis is inflammation of the bronchioles, the smallest air passages of the lungs. It usually occurs in children less than two years of age with the majority being aged between three and six months.^[1] It presents with coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath which can cause some children difficulty feeding. This inflammation is usually caused by respiratory syncytial virus (70% of cases)^[2] and is much more common in the winter months. Treatment is typically supportive and may involve the use of nebulized epinephrine or hypertonic saline. Bronchiolitis is common with up to one third of children being affected in their first year of life.

Signs and symptoms [edit]

In a typical case, an infant under two years of age develops cough, wheeze, and shortness of breath over one or two days. Crackles and/or wheeze are typical findings on listening to the chest with a stethoscope. The infant may be breathless for several days. After the acute illness, it is common for the airways to remain sensitive for several weeks, leading to recurrent cough and wheeze.

Some signs of severe disease include:^[3]

• poor feeding (less than half of usual fluid intake in preceding 24 hours)
• lethargy
• history of apnea
• respiratory rate >70/min
• presence of nasal flaring and/or grunting
• severe chest wall recession
• cyanosis

Causes [edit]

The term usually refers to acute viral bronchiolitis, a common disease in infancy. This is most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus^[4] (RSV, also known as human pneumovirus). Other viruses which may cause this illness include metapneumovirus, influenza, parainfluenza, coronavirus, adenovirus, and rhinovirus.

Studies have shown there is a link between voluntary caesarean birth and an increased prevalence of bronchiolitis. A recent study by Perth's Telethon Institute for Child Health Research has shown an 11% increase in hospital admissions for children delivered this way.^[5] Children born prematurely (less than 35 weeks), with a low birth weight or who suffer from congenital heart disease may have higher rates of Bronchiolitis and are more likely to require hospital admission. There is evidence that breastfeeding provides some protection against bronchiolitis.^[6]

Diagnosis [edit]

The diagnosis is typically made by clinical examination. Chest X-ray is sometimes useful to exclude pneumonia, but not indicated in routine cases.^[7]

Testing for the specific viral cause can be done but has little effect on management and thus is not routinely recommended.^[7] RSV testing by direct immunofluorescence testing on nasopharyngeal aspirate had a sensitivity of 61% and specificity of 89%.^[8] Identification of those who are RSV-positive can help for: disease surveillance, grouping ("cohorting") people together in hospital wards to prevent cross infection, predicting whether the disease course has peaked yet, reducing the need for other diagnostic procedures (by providing confidence that a cause has been identified).

Infant with bronchiolitis between the age of two and three months have a second infection by bacteria (usually a urinary tract infection) less than 6% of the time.^[9]

Prevention [edit]

Prevention of bronchiolitis relies strongly on measures to reduce the spread of the viruses that cause respiratory infections (that is, handwashing, and avoiding exposure to those symptomatic with respiratory infections). In addition to good hygiene an improved immune system is a great tool for prevention. One way to improve the immune system is to feed the infant with breast milk, especially during the first month of life.^[10] Immunizations are available for premature infants who meet certain criteria (some cardiac and respiratory disorders) such as Palivizumab (a monoclonal antibody against RSV). Passive immunization therapy requires monthly injections every winter.

Management [edit]

Treatment and management of bronchiolitis is usually focused on the symptoms instead of the infection itself (supportive therapies) since the infection will run its course and complications are typically from the symptoms themselves.^[11]

Nebulization [edit]

Nebulization with bronchodilators like salbutamol has been shown to decrease hospitalization rates. The dosage of nebulization: 0.3-0.5 cc salbutamol diluted with 1.5-2 cc normal saline below 2 years child. Previously ipratropium have been used, but now physician avoid this due to intense irritation & cry of baby. ^[12][13]

Oxygen inhalation [edit]

Oxygen inhalation found valuable in treatment of respiratory problems. It usually reduce respiratory distress. When respiratory rate >60, Oxygen is mandatory. ^[7]

Antibiotics [edit]

Antibiotics have a significant role in treating bacterial infection. Pediatricians routinely prescribe ceftazidime, cefotaxime, amikacin, or flucloxacillin in mild to moderate cases. In severe cases, meropenem, vancomycin, or cefepime are the drugs of choice.^[13]

Non-effective treatments [edit]

Ribavirin is an antiviral drug which does not appear to be effective for bronchiolitis.^[14] Antibiotics are often given in case of a bacterial infection complicating bronchiolitis, but have no effect on the underlying viral infection.^[14] Corticosteroids have no proven benefit in bronchiolitis treatment and are not advised.^[14] DNAse has not been found to be effective.^[15]

Epidemiology [edit]

90% of the patients are aged between 1 and 9 months old. Bronchiolitis is the most common cause of hospitalization up to the first year of life. It is epidemic in winters.

References [edit]

External links [edit]

• Bronchiolitis. Patient information from NHS Choices
• Bronchiolitis in children - A national clinical guideline PDF (1.74 MB) from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
• Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis from the AAP

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