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Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Coat of arms of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg
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Politics and government of
the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

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The foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) are conducted by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of representation offices and embassies in foreign countries.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is the government in exile claiming sovereignty of the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara. The Polisario Front, the national liberation movement that administers the SADR, currently controls the area that it calls the Liberated Territories, a strip of Western Sahara territory east of the Moroccan Wall. It also administers the Sahrawi refugee camps at Tindouf, Algeria, where its headquarters are. It has conducted diplomatic relations with states and international organisations since its inception in 1973. In 1966, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 22/29 affirmed for the first time the Sahrawi right on self-determination. In 1979, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 reaffirmed again the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and independence, recognising also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.

Contents

Recognition [edit]

As of 2012, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has been recognized by 84 UN member states. Of these, 33 have "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition for a number of reasons. Several states that do not recognise the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile for a sovereign state.

The republic has been a full member of the African Union (AU), formerly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), since 1984. Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest and remains the only African nation not within the AU since South Africa's admittance in 1994. The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[1][2] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[3][4] over Moroccan objections to SADR participation.[5] On the other hand, upholding Moroccan "territorial integrity" is favoured by the Arab League.[6][7]

Besides Algeria, Mexico, Iran, Venezuela, Vietnam, Nigeria, and South Africa, India was the major middle power to have ever recognised SADR and maintained full diplomatic relations, having allowed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open an embassy in New Delhi in 1985. However, India "withdrew" its recognition in 2000.[8]

As with any fluid political situation, diplomatic recognitions of either party's rights are subject to frequent and sometimes unannounced change.

Bilateral relations [edit]

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has, since its proclamation established diplomatic relations with a number of states, mainly in Africa and Latin America, which have recognised its independence. In connection with the "freezing", "withdrawing" and resuming of recognition, similar changes have occurred at the level of diplomatic relations. SADR has stable and developed relationships with states such as Algeria and South Africa.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is represented abroad by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of missions and embassies. Some states that have recognised the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic have elevated the POLISARIO representation in their country to the status of SADR embassy. The Polisario Front maintains also a network of representations on countries that do not recognized the SADR as a sovereign country, mainly in Europe, with some of them having relations with the host country governments. Representation of foreign countries to the SADR is performed by embassies located abroad, mainly in Algiers, due to the Western Sahara conflict and the settlement of the Sahrawi refugee camps in south-western Algeria.

Current diplomatic relations [edit]

Current relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR):
  SADR, as claimed
  Diplomatic relations and recognition of SADR
  Recognition of SADR only

A total of 40 states presently maintain diplomatic relations with the SADR. Of these, 34 have continuously maintained relations with SADR without any interruptions. Six states have frozen or canceled relations with the SADR in the past, but later resumed them. As of 26 July 2012, Guyana is probably the most recent nation to have formally established diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

State Relations established Sahrawi mission Mission to Sahrawi Republic Notes
 Algeria 01976-03-066 March 1976 Embassy (Algiers)[9] — AU, Arab League, OIC; Algeria–SADR relations
 Angola Yes[when?] Embassy (Luanda)[10] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers) AU
 Belize Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Managua)[11] — —
 Bolivia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Caracas)[12] — OAS, UNASUR
 Cape Verde 01980-09-3030 September 1980[13] — — AU; Relations were frozen from 27 July 2007[14][15] to 6 February 2012 or shorter.[16][17]
 Chad Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Abuja) — AU, OIC
 Cuba 01980-01-2121 January 1980[18] Embassy (Havanna)[19] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[20] OAS; Cuba–SADR relations
 East Timor 02002-05-2020 May 2002[21] Embassy (Dili)[22] — East Timor–SADR relations
 Ecuador Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Caracas)[23] Embassy, non-resident (New York)[24] OAS, UNASUR
 El Salvador 01989-01-011989[25][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Panama City) Embassy, non-resident (New York) OAS; Relations were cancelled from April 1997[26] to 6 June 2009 or shorter.[27]
 Ethiopia Yes[when?] Embassy (Addis Ababa)[28] Embassy, non-resident (Rome)[29] AU
 Ghana Yes[when?] Embassy (Accra)[30][31] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers) AU
 Guyana 02012-07-2626 July 2012[32] Embassy, to open[32] — AU
 Haiti 02006-11-2222 November 2006[33] Embassy (Port-au-Prince) — OAS
 Laos 01987-08-033 August 1987[34] Embassy, non-resident (New Delhi) — —
 Lesotho Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Pretoria) Embassy, non-resident (Kuwait City)[35] AU
 Liberia 30 October 2012 or before[36] — — AU
 Malawi 02008-02-011 February 2008[37] — Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[38] AU; Relations were frozen from 16 September 2008[39][40] to 19 April 2010 or shorter.[38]
 Mauritius 01983-01-011983[41][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[42] — AU
 Mexico 01979-09-2424 September 1979[43] Embassy (Mexico City)[44] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers) OAS; Mexico–SADR relations
 Mozambique Yes[when?] Embassy (Maputo)[45] — AU, OIC
 Namibia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Luanda)[46] — AU
 Nicaragua Yes[when?] Embassy (Managua)[47] — OAS; Relations were frozen from 21 July 2000 to 12 January 2007.[48]
 Nigeria 02000-09-1111 September 2000[citation needed] Embassy (Abuja)[49][50] — AU, OIC; Nigeria–SADR relations
 Panama 01979-06-011 June 1979[51] Embassy (Panama City)[52] — OAS; Panama–SADR relations
 Paraguay 02000-02-099 February 2000[53][54] Embassy, non-resident (Montevideo)[55] — OAS, UNASUR; Relations were frozen from 25 July 2000 to 12 August 2008.[56]
 Rwanda Yes[when?] Embassy, non resident (Kampala)[57] — AU
 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 02002-02-1414 February 2002[58] — — OAS
 Sierra Leone Yes[59][when?] — — AU
 South Africa 02004-09-1515 September 2004[60] Embassy (Pretoria)[61] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[62] AU; SADR–South Africa relations
 South Sudan 02011-07-099 July 2011[63] Embassy, non-resident (Addis Ababa)[64] — AU
 Tanzania Yes[when?] Embassy (Dar es Salaam) — AU
 Uganda Yes[when?] Embassy (Kampala)[65] Embassy, non-resident (Tripoli)[66] AU, OIC
 Uruguay 02005-12-2626 December 2005[67] Embassy (Montevideo)[68] — OAS, UNASUR
 Vanuatu 02008-07-3131 July 2008[69] Embassy, non-resident (Dili) — —
 Venezuela 01982-12-01December 1982[70] Embassy (Caracas) Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[71] OAS, UNASUR; SADR–Venezuela relations
 Vietnam 01976-03-022 March 1976[72] — — —
 Zambia Yes[when?] — — AU; Relations were cancelled from 29 March 2011[73][74] to 21 November 2012.[75]
 Zimbabwe 01980-06-033 June 1980[79] Embassy (Harare)[80][81] — AU

Former diplomatic relations [edit]

Former relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR):
  SADR, as claimed
  Diplomatic relations[note 1] and recognition[note 2] of SADR in the past
  Recognition[note 2] of SADR in the past only

A total of 8 states or more[note 1] maintained official diplomatic relations with the SADR in the past. Their relations with SADR are now frozen or cancelled. As of 25 October 2010, Burundi is the most recent nation to formally cancel diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

State Relations established Former Sahrawi mission[note 3][note 4] Former mission to Sahrawi Republic[note 3] Notes
 Burundi Yes[when?] — — AU; Relations were frozen from 5 May 2006 to 16 June 2008,[84] they are cancelled from 25 October 2010.[85][86]
 Costa Rica Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Panama City)[87] — Relations are frozen from 22 April 2000.[87][88][89]
 Guinea-Bissau Yes[when?] Embassy (Bissau)[26] — AU; Relations are cancelled from 30 March 2010.[90]
 India 1985[91] Embassy (New Delhi)[92] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[93] UNSC (Jan 2011–Dec 2012); Relations are cancelled from 26 June 2000.[8]
 Kenya 02006-03-3131 March 2006[94] Embassy (Nairobi)[95] — AU; Relations are frozen from 18 October 2006.[94]
 Madagascar Yes[when?] Embassy (Antananarivo)[92] — AU; Relations are frozen from 6 April 2005.[96][97]
 Peru 01987-05-055 May 1987[98] Embassy[99] — OAS, UNASUR; Relations are frozen from 9 September 1996.[100]
 Seychelles Yes[when?] Embassy (Antananarivo,[104] then Algiers)[105] — AU; Relations are cancelled from 17 March 2008.[106]

Relations with international organisations [edit]

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic holds either 'member' or 'observer' status in several international organisations. It participates in the activities of organisations that have formalised its membership, as well as in activities of other organizations as a guest participant. The SADR is usually represented by a Government or national organisations such as the Sahrawi Trade Union.

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date Notes
African Union (AU; formerly Organization for African Unity) member Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 23 June 1980[107] 31 August 1981[108]
International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY) member Saharawi Youth Union (UJSARIO) Teceber Ahmed Saleh from UJSARIO is one of IUSY Vice Presidents for 2012-2014.[109]
World Federation of Trade Unions member Sahrawi Trade Union (UGTSARIO) 28 March 2000[110]
Non-member status
Andean Community of Nations Andean Community of Nations observer[note 5] Sahrawi National Council September 2011[111] 26 October 2011[112]
Central American Parliament (PARLACEN) participant[note 6] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in the opening conference of the PARLACEN, July 2010.[113]
Ibero-American Summit participant[note 6] Polisario Front — — Polisario Front participated in 22nd Ibero-American Summit in Cádiz, November 2012.[114]
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies observer[115] Sahrawi Red Crescent April 1977[116]
New Asian–African Strategic Partnership (NAASP) participant[note 7] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in first senior officials meeting of the NAASP in Durban, September 2006.[3][117]
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) guest[note 8] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated as guest in 16th Summit of NAM in Tehran, August 2012.
Permanent Conference of Political Parties of the Latin American and the Caribbean
(COPPPAL)		 participant[note 6] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in COPPPAL meeting in Managua, September 2006.[118]
SADR delegation participated in meeting of COPPPAL and ICAPP in Mexico City, October 2012.[119]
Socialist International observer[120] Polisario Front 30 June 2008[121]

Participation in international sports federations [edit]

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date Notes
NF-Board provisional member Sahrawi Football Federation December 2003 In 2012, a Sahrawi team participated for the first time in the Viva World Cup.

See also [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b The number of States which maintained diplomatic relations with SADR in the past is likely to be more, but for any relations with States that "withdrew" or "froze" recognition of SADR many years ago we are missing sources.
  2. ^ a b According to international law regarding recognition of states, contained in article 6 of the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States: "Recognition of a state simply means that the state recognizes it accepts the personality of the other with all the rights and duties determined by international law. Recognition is unconditional and irrevocable". Therefore, once one state recognizes another as a fellow sovereign state, this recognition cannot be revoked, except when one or the other ceases to exist. One can only revoke the recognition of a government (for example by breaking off diplomatic relations), not of the state itself.[82][83]
  3. ^ a b The number of former Embassies which existed in the past is likely to be more, but for any embassies to/of States that "withdrew" or "froze" recognition of SADR many years ago we are missing sources.
  4. ^ The former Embassies usually continue to work, but as a unilateral Representative Offices without diplomatic privileges from the host country.
  5. ^ In the framework of the Andean Parliament.
  6. ^ a b c There is not a formal status of the SADR, but here is the SADR official participation in the activities of this international organization.
  7. ^ NAASP does not have formalised membership, it is open to States of Asia and Africa.
  8. ^ There is no permanent guest status, but often several non-member states are represented as guests at NAM conferences.

References [edit]

General
Specific
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  85. ^ "Burundi withdraws recognition of 'SADR'". Maghreb Arab Press. 2010-10-25. Archived from the original on 2010-10-27. Retrieved 2012-09-22. 
  86. ^ "Visite d’adieu d’Aziria Abdelkader, Ambassadeur algerien au Burundi" (in French). Républic de Burundi - Portail du Gouvernement. Retrieved 2012-03-13.  "Malgré le gel de la reconnaissance de la République Arabe de Sahraoui Démocratique, les relations entre les deux pays se sont nettement renforcées, a martelé l’Autorité burundaise."
  87. ^ a b "Costa Rica reafirma decisión de congelar relaciones con República del Sahara". La Nación (in Spanish). 2000-06-05. Retrieved 2012-08-22. 
  88. ^ "Relaciones con los países de Asia, África y Oceanía - X. República Árabe Democrática Saharaui" (in Spanish). Asamblea Legislativa de la República de Costa Rica. [dead link]
  89. ^ "El Sahara quiere descongelar relaciones con Costa Rica". La Nación (in Spanish). 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2012-08-22. 
  90. ^ "Guinea Bissau withdraw its recognition of SADR and supports the autonomy initiative". ADN (in Spanish). 2010-03-30. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2012-09-22. 
  91. ^ "Annual Report Jan 01, 1986". Ministry of External Affairs Library, New Delhi. Retrieved 2013-03-26.  "Following our recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in October 1985, an SADR Embassy has started functioning in New Delhi."
  92. ^ a b "Embassies". GoAbroad. Retrieved 2012-11-15. 
  93. ^ "Annual Reports 1987-88". Ministry of External Affairs Library, New Delhi. Retrieved 2013-03-26.  "With the opening of the Embassy of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in Delhi, India's Ambassador to Algeria was concurrently accredited to the SADR."
  94. ^ a b Muniu Riunge (2007-02-25). "Kenya: Why Links with Sahrawi Were Shortlived". AllAfrica.com (The Standard). Retrieved 2012-03-14. 
  95. ^ "Embassy of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in Kenya". EmbassyPages.com. Retrieved 2012-11-15. 
  96. ^ "Recognition freeze". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 2005-04-06. Retrieved 2012-08-26. 
  97. ^ "Madagascar freezes recognition of so-called Sahrawi Republic". Arabic News. 2005-04-07. Retrieved 2012-09-17. 
  98. ^ "Establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú. Retrieved 2012-04-24. 
  99. ^ a b Ricardo Sánchez Serra (2011-11-28). "Los saharauis y el Perú" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-11-15. 
  100. ^ Ricardo Sánchez Serra (2008-12-11). "El estoicismo del pueblo saharaui" (in Spanish). La Razón. Retrieved 2012-11-15. 
  101. ^ "Agenda del Ministro" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú. 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2012-04-24. 
  102. ^ "Andino Parliament for re-establishment of diplomatic relations between Peru and SADR". Sahara Press Service. 2011-11-19. Retrieved 2012-11-15. 
  103. ^ "Al Gobierno peruano: Restablezca relaciones con la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). Change.org Inc. Retrieved 2012-11-15. 
  104. ^ "Boletín informativo. Año 2. Mayo 1997. Nº 9 - Presentación de Cartas Credenciales" (in Spanish). ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 1997-05. Retrieved 2012-12-01. 
  105. ^ "Diplomatic missions accredited to the Seychelles". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Seychelles. Retrieved 2012-12-01. 
  106. ^ "Seychelles withdraws recognition for SADR". AfrikNews. 2008-03-18. Retrieved 2011-08-07. 
  107. ^ Aguirre, Diego; Ramón, Jose (1991). Guerra en el Sáhara. p. 242. ISBN 84-7090-252-0. "On June 23 the Sahrawi Republic had applied for its admission to the O.U.A., as because of the successive recognitions of African countries, 26 of 50 members recognized the S.A.D.R. and were favorable to the admission in accordance to article 28 of the O.U.A. Charter, that demanded a simple majority."
  108. ^ Aguirre, Diego; Ramón, Jose (1991). Guerra en el Sáhara. p. 247. ISBN 84-7090-252-0. "on August 31 General Secretary Edem Kodjo had communicated the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic government their admission to the Organization for the African Unity as member nº 51 according to article 28 of the O.A.U. Charter, as 26 states supported the S.A.D.R., representing a simple majority over 50 so it was, then, a mere administrative proceeding competence of the General Secretary"
  109. ^ "New IUSY Presidium 2012-2014". IUSY. Retrieved 2012-04-25. 
  110. ^ "Report on the World Trade Union situation and WFTU activities since the 14th congress". World Federation of Trade Unions. 2005-12-01. Retrieved 2012-11-15.  "New affiliations with the WFTU - No.12, Western Sahara, UGTSARIO"
  111. ^ "Venezuela es invitada por el Parlamento Andino a volver a la Comunidad Andina" (in Spanish). Parlamento Andino. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2012-03-10. 
  112. ^ "Saharawi National Council granted observer membership in the Andino Parliament". Sahara Press Service. 2011-10-29. Retrieved 2012-03-10. 
  113. ^ "Saharawi Ambassador to Nicaragua participates in meetings of PARLACEN". Sahara Press Service. 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2010-07-02. [dead link]
  114. ^ "Polisario Front calls on Ibero-American states to help settling Western Sahara conflict". Sahara Press Service. 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2012-12-10. 
  115. ^ "Building a life in the desert". Refugee Participation Network (Refugee Studies Program). 1990-02. pp. 18–21. Retrieved 2012-11-16. "The Sahrawi Red Crescent has observer status with the League of Red Cross Societies and is the formal channel for all external assistance to the Sahrawi people, (full membership is precluded until SADR has gained membership of the United Nations)."
  116. ^ Aguirre, Diego; Ramón, Jose (1991). Guerra en el Sáhara. p. 176. ISBN 84-7090-252-0. "...in April the Sahrawi Red Crescent obtained the status of observer at the IX Congress of the Arab Red Crescent, analog to the International Red Cross, what suppossed also the boycott of this reunion by Morocco."
  117. ^ "Asia-Afro partnership meeting held in Durban". IOL news. 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2010-12-11. 
  118. ^ "Latin America". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 2006-09. Retrieved 2012-12-10. 
  119. ^ "Saharawi Representation to Mexico attends COPPPAL-ICAPP meeting". Sahara Press Service. 2012-10-15. Retrieved 2012-12-10. 
  120. ^ "Observer parties". International Socialist. Retrieved 2012-11-16. 
  121. ^ "Socialist International makes Polisario observer". The Daily Star. Agence France-Presse. 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2012-11-16. 

External links [edit]

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
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Partially unrecognised UN member states
Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member
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