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Frank Ocean
Frank Ocean December 2011 (cropped).jpg
Ocean in 2011
Background information
Birth name Christopher Breaux
Born (1987-10-28) October 28, 1987 (age 25)
Long Beach, California
Origin New Orleans, Louisiana
Genres R&B[1][2][3]
Occupations Singer-songwriter[3]
Instruments Vocals, keyboards
Years active 2007–present
Labels Odd Future Records, Def Jam, The Island Def Jam Music Group
Associated acts Odd Future, Kanye West, Jay-Z
Website frankocean.com

Christopher Francis Ocean (born Christopher Breaux; October 28, 1987), better known by his stage name Frank Ocean, is an American singer-songwriter from New Orleans, Louisiana. Ocean's early career was as a ghostwriter for artists such as Brandy, Justin Bieber, and John Legend. In 2010, he became a member of alternative hip hop collective OFWGKTA, and his debut mixtape, Nostalgia, Ultra, was released the following year to critical acclaim. The singles "Novacane" and "Swim Good" both achieved chart success. The mixtape gained the interest of recording artists such as Kanye West, Beyoncé Knowles and Jay-Z, and he consequently appeared on West and Jay-Z's Watch the Throne album.

In 2012, Ocean finished second place in the BBC's Sound of 2012 poll,[4] and appeared at Coachella and Lollapalooza festivals at the conclusion of his 2012 Summer Tour.[5] His debut studio album, Channel Orange, was released in July 2012, promoted with three charting singles: "Thinkin Bout You", "Pyramids", and "Sweet Life". Ocean wrote an open letter, intended for the liner notes on Channel Orange, that would preemptively address speculation about his same-sex attraction;[6] he instead blogged it on Tumblr.[7][8] Ocean became one of the first major African-American music artists to announce that he had fallen in love with someone of the same sex, notable because the music scene is known for homophobia.[9][10]

Contents

Early life

Ocean was born Christopher "Lonny" Breaux on October 28, 1987, in Long Beach, California.[11] When he was around five years old, he and his family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana.[11] He grew up around its local jazz scene and listened to his mother's CDs on her car stereo, including albums by Celine Dion, Anita Baker, and The Phantom of the Opera soundtrack.[3] As a teenager, he did neighborhood chores and saved up money to rent studio time.[3] As he recalled, "Oh man I had numerous hustles [...] Washing cars was one of them, and mowing lawns and walking dogs."[3] He enrolled in the University of New Orleans and moved into its dormitory in 2005.[3]

Career

2005–10: Beginnings in Los Angeles

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit Ocean's hometown of New Orleans and his recording facility was looted and destroyed by floodwater.[12] To continue recording music, he moved to Los Angeles and intended to stay for six weeks.[3][12] However, after acclimating himself with music industry circles, Ocean planned to stay longer and develop his music career.[12] He recorded demos at a friend's studio and shopped them around Los Angeles.[3] After getting a songwriting deal, he started working with other record producers and writing songs for artists such as Justin Bieber, John Legend, and Brandy.[3][12] Ocean later said of his work at the time, "There was a point where I was composing for other people, and it might have been comfy to continue to do that and enjoy that income stream and the anonymity. But that's not why I moved away from school and away from family."[12]

After meeting them in 2009 through networking, Ocean joined the Los Angeles-based hip hop collective OFWGKTA, also known as Odd Future.[13][14] His friendship with Odd Future member Tyler, The Creator reinvigorated Ocean's songwriting.[15] In late 2009, he met Tricky Stewart, who helped him sign a contract with Def Jam Recordings as a solo artist, though he was initially unable to build a relationship with the company.[14][16][17] In 2010, through a legal website, he changed his name from Christopher Breaux to Christopher Francis Ocean,[14] which was inspired partly by the 1960 film Ocean's 11.[15]

2011–13: Nostalgia, Ultra and Channel Orange

Ocean performing at the Coachella Festival in 2012

Ocean has written songs for Justin Bieber, John Legend, Brandy,[14] and Beyoncé Knowles.[18][19] He has also worked with artists such as Nas[20][21] and Pharrell Williams.[22] On February 18, 2011, Ocean released his first mixtape, Nostalgia, Ultra, to critical acclaim.[14][17] The mixtape focuses on interpersonal relationships, personal reflection and social commentary.[14] NPR's Andrew Noz said Ocean's songwriting is "smart and subtle...setting him apart from the pack."[23] Rolling Stone magazine's Jonah Weiner wrote that Ocean was a "gifted avant-R&B smoothie".[24] In April 2011, Ocean stated that his relationship with Def Jam strengthened since the release of the mixtape.[13]

Ocean sampled the music from The Eagles' song "Hotel California" on his song "American Wedding" from Nostalgia, Ultra. When asked about it, Ocean stated that Eagles band member "Don Henley is apparently intimidated by my rendition of 'Hotel California'. He threatened to sue if I perform it again." In response to Ocean's comments, The Eagles legal representative released a statement: "Frank Ocean did not merely 'sample' a portion of the Eagles' 'Hotel California,' he took the whole master track, plus the song's existing melody, and replaced the lyrics with his own. This is not creative, let alone 'intimidating.' It's illegal. For the record, Don Henley has not threatened or instituted any legal action against Frank Ocean, although the Eagles are now considering whether they should."[25][26] Chris Richards of The Washington Post remarked that "certain boomers don't like [Ocean] as much" as "information-age babies" due to the controversy.[27]

Ocean first appeared in Tyler, The Creator's music video for the single "She", from Tyler's second studio album Goblin (2011).[28][29] His first performance was in collaboration with Odd Future at the 2011 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, where he later joined them for their first tour across the east coast of the United States.[30] On May 19, 2011 Ocean's record label Def Jam announced its plans to re-release Nostalgia, Ultra as an EP.[31] The single 'Novacane' was released to iTunes in May 2011, and the EP originally was set to be released the next month, but was delayed.[32][33] In June 2011, Ocean revealed that he would be working on the upcoming Kanye West and Jay-Z collaborative album, Watch the Throne.[34] Ocean co-wrote and featured on two tracks: "No Church in the Wild" and "Made in America".[35][36]

On July 28, 2011, a song titled "Thinkin Bout You", leaked on the internet.[37] It was later revealed the song was a reference track, written by Ocean, for Roc Nation artist Bridget Kelly's debut studio album.[38] Kelly renamed the song 'Thinking About Forever'.[39] In September 2011, a music video directed by High5Collective for Ocean's version was released, yet the song still appeared on Kelly's debut EP Every Girl.[40] In March 2012, a re-mastered version of "Thinkin Bout You" leaked, intended to be a single.[41] Ocean released the cover art for his debut studio album's lead single, titled "Thinkin Bout You", revealing the song would be released to digital retailers on April 10.[42] "It succinctly defines me as an artist for where I am right now and that was the aim," he said of the follow-up to his acclaimed Nostalgia, Ultra. "It's about the stories. If I write 14 stories that I love, then the next step is to get the environment of music around it to best envelop the story and all kinds of sonic goodness."[42]

Perhaps this is R&B's Ziggy Stardust moment, where the controversy and publicity surrounding an artist's sexuality and the brilliance of his latest album combine to give his career unstoppable momentum.

“
”

On June 8, 2012, a single from his debut studio album Channel Orange, entitled "Pyramids", was made available for download on Ocean's Tumblr blog.[44] On July 10, 2012, Ocean made his debut television performance with "Bad Religion" on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.[45] The same day, Ocean released his album one week ahead of schedule[46] for digital download on iTunes and free streaming on his Tumblr blog.[47] All other forms of distribution for the album became available on July 17, 2012.[48][49] Ocean performed a stripped-down, minimal version of his single, "Thinkin Bout You", at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards which was held at the Staples Center arena at L.A. Live in Downtown Los Angeles.[50]

Channel Orange won the Album of the Year award at the 2012 Soul Train Music Awards.[51] The album also earned Ocean nominations for the 2013 Grammy Awards in the categories of Album of the Year, Best New Artist, and Record of the Year for "Thinkin Bout You".[52] He won a Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album.[53] For his work on Jay-Z and West's "No Church in the Wild", he won a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.[54]

2013–present: Second studio album

In February 2013, Ocean confirmed that he had started work on his second studio album, which he confirmed would be another concept album. He revealed that he was working with Tyler, the Creator, Pharrell Williams, and Danger Mouse on the record.[55] He later stated that he was being influenced by The Beach Boys and The Beatles. He stated he was interested in collaborating with Tame Impala and King Krule and that he would record part of the album in Bora Bora.[56][57]

Artistry

"Voodoo"
The 2012 song mixes spiritual and sexual subject matter and features colorful guitar, fluctuating synthesizers, and a loping rhythm section.[58]
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Ocean's music has been characterized by music writers as idiosyncratic in style.[59][60][61] Ocean generally plays the electronic keyboard,[59] and is backed by a subdued rhythm section in the production.[62] His compositions are often midtempo, feature unconventional melodies,[59][62] and they occasionally have an experimental song structure.[61][62] In his songwriting, Jon Pareles of The New York Times observes "open echoes of self-guided, innovative R&B songwriters like Prince, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Maxwell, Erykah Badu and particularly R. Kelly and his way of writing melodies that hover between speech and song, asymmetrical and syncopated."[62] While nostalgia, ULTRA featured both original music by Ocean and tracks relying on sampled melodies,[63] channel ORANGE showcased Ocean as the primary musical composer, of which music journalist Robert Christgau opines, "when he's the sole composer Ocean resists making a show of himself—resists the dope hook, the smart tempo, the transcendent falsetto itself."[64]

Ocean's lyrics deal with themes of love, longing, misgiving,[62] and nostalgia.[65] His debut single "Novacane" juxtaposes the numbness and artificiality of a sexual relationship to that of mainstream radio,[62] while "Voodoo" merges themes of spirituality and sexuality,[66] and is an eccentric take on such subject matter common in R&B.[58] The latter song was released by Ocean on his Tumblr account and references both the traditional spiritual "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands" and the female anatomy in its chorus: "she's got the whole wide world in her juicy fruit / he's got the whole wide world in his pants / he wrapped the whole wide world in a wedding band / then put the whole wide world on her hands / she's got the whole wide world in her hands / he's got the whole wide world in his hands."[58][67] Certain songs on channel ORANGE allude to Ocean's experience with unrequited love.[59] Culture critic Nelson George asserts that, along with Miguel, Ocean has "staked out ground where [he is] not competing with those hit-driven [commercial R&B] acts" and is "cultivating a sound that balances adult concerns with a sense of young men trying to understand their own desires (an apt description of Ocean, particularly)."[68]

Ocean describes himself as "a baritone, with tenor moments."[69] Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone calls him a torch singer due to "his feel for romantic tragedy, unfurling in slow-boiling ballads".[70] Ocean's stage presence during live shows is often low-key.[71][72][73]

Personal life

On July 4, 2012, Ocean published an open letter on his Tumblr blog recounting unrequited feelings he had for another young man when he was 19 years old, citing it as his first true love.[7] He used the blog to thank the man for his influence, and also thanked his mother and other friends, saying "I don't know what happens now, and that's alrite [sic]. I don't have any secrets I need kept anymore...I feel like a free man."[74] Members of the hip hop industry generally responded positively to the announcement.[75] Russell Simmons, a business magnate in the hip hop industry, wrote a congratulatory article in Global Grind saying "Today is a big day for hip-hop. It is a day that will define who we really are. How compassionate will we be? How loving can we be? How inclusive are we? [...] Your decision to go public about your sexual orientation gives hope and light to so many young people still living in fear."[76] Other artists who expressed their support included Beyoncé and Jay-Z.[77] Tyler, The Creator also tweeted his support for Ocean, along with other members of OFWGKTA.[78]

On December 31, 2012, Ocean was pulled over in Mono County, California for speeding. In a search police officers found a small bag of marijuana. He was cited for possession, driving on a suspended license and having tinted windows.[79]

Discography

Main article: Frank Ocean discography

Awards and nominations

Ocean and his music have received international recognition with twenty-six award nominations. As of February 2013, he won two Grammys, a Soul Train and UK Music Award. In addition, he earned accolades from GQ, NME, and Vibe magazines, as well as the BBC and mtvU.

Year Organization Award Work Result
2011 GQ[80] Rookie of the Year Frank Ocean Won
BET Hip Hop Awards[81] Best Mixtape Nostalgia, Ultra Nominated
Rookie of the Year Frank Ocean Nominated
2011 Soul Train Music Awards[82] Best New Artist Frank Ocean Nominated
2012 BBC[4] Sound of 2012 Frank Ocean Second
Grammis[83] International Album of the Year Nostalgia, Ultra Nominated
mtvU Woodie Awards[84] Woodie of the Year Nominated
O Music Awards[85] Best Web Born Artist Nominated
MTV Video Music Awards[86] Best Direction "Swim Good" Nominated
Best Male Video Nominated
Best New Artist Nominated
Q Awards[87] Q's Next Big Thing Frank Ocean Nominated
MOBO Awards[88] Best International Act Frank Ocean Nominated
UK Music Video Awards Best Urban Video – International "Novacane" Won
2012 Soul Train Music Awards Album of the Year Channel Orange Won
Vibe Man of the Year Frank Ocean Won
mtvU Man of the Year Frank Ocean Won
NME[89] 50 Best Tracks
of 2012		 "Pyramids" #12
"Forrest Gump" #46
2013 55th Grammy Awards[90] Best New Artist[91] Nominated
Record of the Year "Thinkin Bout You" Nominated
Album of the Year Channel Orange Nominated
Best Urban Contemporary Album Won
Best Rap/Sung Collaboration "No Church in the Wild"
(with Kanye West & Jay-Z)		 Won
Best Short Form Music Video Nominated
2013 BRIT Awards International Male Artist Frank Ocean Won

References

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Further reading

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