Some areas of the southwestern People's Republic of China are inhabited by a small population of an ethnic minority which immigrated from Vietnam hundreds of years ago. They are referred to in Chinese as the Jīng (京族; pinyin: Jīngzú), although the transcription Gin people is the standard romanization of ethnic name in China.[1] They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They speak Vietnamese, mixed with Cantonese dialect, and some Mandarin. They mainly live on three islands off the coast of Dongxing city, Fangchenggang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The population of the Vietnamese native to China was just over 20,000 in 2000. This number does not include the 36,205 Vietnamese nationals studying or working in Mainland China recorded by the 2010 national population census.[2]
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| Alternative names: Jing, Kinh |
| Total population |
|---|
| 22,517 |
| Regions with significant populations |
| China (Wutou, Wanwei and Shanxin islands off the coast of Dongxing city, Guangxi) |
| Languages |
|
Vietnamese, Cantonese, and some Mandarin |
| Religion |
| Related ethnic groups |
| Gin people | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 京族 | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese | Kinh tộc | ||||||||||||||||||||
Some areas of the southwestern People's Republic of China are inhabited by a small population of an ethnic minority which immigrated from Vietnam hundreds of years ago. They are referred to in Chinese as the Jīng (京族; pinyin: Jīngzú), although the transcription Gin people is the standard romanization of ethnic name in China.[1] They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They speak Vietnamese, mixed with Cantonese dialect, and some Mandarin. They mainly live on three islands off the coast of Dongxing city, Fangchenggang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The population of the Vietnamese native to China was just over 20,000 in 2000. This number does not include the 36,205 Vietnamese nationals studying or working in Mainland China recorded by the 2010 national population census.[2]
Contents |
History[edit]
Their connection to Vietnam is based on stories and documents which told that they moved from mainland Dai Viet to three sparsely inhabited islands in the 16th century. They are reported to speak a dialect of Vietnamese. In addition to using Hanzi, the Gin have their unique Zinan script called Chu Nom in Vietnamese, dating back to the 13th century.[3][4]
The Jing ethnic minority Population: 18,700 Major area of distribution: Guangxi Language: Jing Religion: Buddhism and Taoism The 18,700 people of this very small ethnic minority live in compact communities primarily in the three islands of Wanwei, Wutou and Shanxin in the Fangcheng Multi-ethnic Autonomous County, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, near the Sino-Vietnamese border. About one quarter of them live among the Han and Zhuang ethnic groups in nearby counties and towns.
The Jings live in a subtropical area with plenty of rainfall and rich mineral resources. The Beibu Gulf to its south is an ideal fishing ground. Of the more than 700 species of fish found there, over 200 are of great economic value and high yields. Pearls, sea horses and sea otters which grow in abundance are prized for their medicinal value. Seawater from the Beibu Gulf is good for salt making. The main crops there are rice, sweet potato, peanut, taro and millet, and sub-tropical fruits like papaya, banana, and longan are also plentiful. Mineral deposits include iron, monazite, titanium, magnetite and silica. The large tracts of mangroves growing in marshy land along the coast are a rich source of tannin, an essential raw material for the tanning industry.
The Jing people had their own script which was called Zinan. Created on the basis of the script of the Han people towards the end of the 13th century, it was found in old song books and religious scriptures. Most Jings read and write in the Han script because they have lived with Hans for a long time. They speak the Cantonese dialect.
The ancestors of the Jings emigrated from Viet Nam to China proper in the early 16th century (part of Viet Nam was a part of China at that time) and first settled on the three uninhabited lands since the neighborhood had been populated by people of Han and Zhuang ethnic group. Shoulder to shoulder with the Hans and Zhuangs there, they developed the border areas together and sealed close relations in their joint endeavors over the centuries. The Jings, who were all illiterate before 1949, are now going to school, and many young people have moved onto college education. Each village now has a clinic, and paramedics have been assigned to each fishing vessel.
Jing people like antiphonal songs which are melodious and lyrical. Their traditional instruments include the two-stringed fiddle, flute, drum, gong and the single-stringed fiddle, a unique musical instrument of the ethnic group. Folk stories and legends abound. Their favorite dances feature lanterns, fancy colored sticks, embroidery and dragons.
Jing costume is simple and practical. Traditionally, women wear tight-fitting, collarless short blouses buttoned in front plus a diamond-shaped top apron and broad black or brown trousers. When going out, they would put on a light colored gown with narrow sleeves. They also like earrings. Men wear long jackets reaching down to the knees and girdles. Now most people dress themselves like their Han neighbors though a few elderly women retain their tradition and a few young women coil their hair and dye their teeth black.
Many Jings are believers of Buddhism or Taoism, with a few followers of Catholicism. They also celebrate the Lunar New Year—Spring Festival—and the Pure Brightness Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival like the Hans.
Fish sauce is a favorite condiment the Jing people use in cooking, and a cake prepared with glutinous rice mixed with sesame is a great delicacy for them. There used to be some taboos, such as stepping over a fishing net placed on the beach.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ GB 3304－91 Names of nationalities of China in romanization with codes
- ^ "Major Figures on Residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Foreigners Covered by 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. April 29, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
- ^ James Stuart Olson (1998). An ethnohistorical dictionary of China. Greenwood Publishing Group,. p. 158. ISBN 0-313-28853-4. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ Paul Friedrich, Norma Diamond (1994). Russia and Eurasia, China. Hall. p. 454. ISBN 0-8161-1810-8. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
External links[edit]
- ^ GB 3304－91 Names of nationalities of China in romanization with codes
- ^ "Major Figures on Residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Foreigners Covered by 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. April 29, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
- ^ James Stuart Olson (1998). An ethnohistorical dictionary of China. Greenwood Publishing Group,. p. 158. ISBN 0-313-28853-4. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ Paul Friedrich, Norma Diamond (1994). Russia and Eurasia, China. Hall. p. 454. ISBN 0-8161-1810-8. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
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