From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 7-methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole | |
| Clinical data | |
| Pregnancy cat. | ? |
| Legal status | Prohibited (S9) (AU) |
| Dependence liability | Negligible/Non-existent |
| Routes | Ingestion |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 304-21-2  |
| ATC code | ? |
| PubChem | CID 5280951 |
| ChemSpider | 10211258 |
| UNII | CN58I4TOET |
| KEGG | C06536 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:28172  |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL340807 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C13H14N2O |
| Mol. mass | 214.263 g/mol |
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| Physical data | |
| Melt. point | 232-234 °C (-157 °F) |
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Harmaline is a fluorescent psychoactive indole alkaloid from the group of harmala alkaloids and beta-carbolines. It is the reduced hydrogenated form of harmine.
Contents |
Occurrence in nature [edit]
Various plants contain harmaline including Peganum harmala (Syrian Rue) as well as the hallucinogenic drink ayahuasca, which is traditionally brewed using Banisteriopsis caapi. Present at 3% by dry weight, the harmala alkaloids may be extracted from the Syrian Rue seeds.[1]
Effects [edit]
Harmaline is a central nervous system stimulant and a "reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA)".[2] This means that the risk of a hypertensive crisis, a dangerous high blood pressure crisis from eating tyramine-rich foods such as cheese, is likely lower with harmaline than with irreversible MAOIs such as phenelzine.
The harmala alkaloids are psychoactive in humans.[1] Harmaline is shown to act as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.[3] Harmaline also stimulates striatal dopamine release in rat at very high dose levels.[4] Since harmaline is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, it could, in theory, induce both serotonin syndrome and hypertensive crises in combination with serotonergic and catecholaminergic drugs respectively. It may also allow the naturally-occurring psychedelic, DMT, to bypass the extensive first-pass metabolism it undergoes upon ingestion.
United States Patent Number 5591738 describes a method for treating various chemical dependencies via the administration of harmaline and or other beta-carbolines.[5]
In a study Harmaline has also been found to induce "vasorelaxant effects" in "isolated rat aorta."[6]
A study found that a single injection of 40 mg/kg in rats or 3 x 25 mg/kg spread over 3 days had visible neurotoxic effects.[7]
Harmaline is known to act as a histamine N-methyltransferase inhibitor,[8] this explains how harmaline elicits its wakefulness-promoting effects.
See also [edit]
- Tetrahydroharmine, a similar harmala alkaloid
References [edit]
- ^ a b "Syrian Rue". Erowid.
- ^ Massaro, E. J. (2002). Handbook of Neurotoxicology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 237. ISBN 0-89603-796-7.
- ^ Zheng, X. Y.; Zhang, Z. J.; Chou, G. X.; Wu, T.; Cheng, X. M.; Wang, C. H.; Wang, Z. T. (2009). "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitive activity-guided isolation of two new alkaloids from seeds of Peganum nigellastrum Bunge by an in vitro TLC-bioautographic assay". Archives of Pharmacological Research 32 (9): 1245–1251. doi:10.1007/s12272-009-1910-x. PMID 19784581.
- ^ Schwarz, M. J.; Houghton, P. J.; Rose, S.; Jenner, P.; Lees, A. D. (2003). "Activities of Extract and Constituents of Banisteriopsis caapi Relevant to Parkinsonism". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 75 (3): 627–633. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00129-1.
- ^ US patent 5591738, Howard Lotsof, "Method of Treating Chemical Dependency Using β-Carboline Alkaloids, Derivatives and Salts thereof", issued 1997-01-07
- ^ Berrougui, H.; Martin-Cordero, C.; Khalil, A.; Hmamouchi, M.; Ettaib, A.; Marhuenda, E.; Herrera, M. D. (2006). "Vasorelaxant Effects of Harmine and Harmaline Extracted from Peganum harmala L. Seeds in Isolated Rat Aorta". Pharmacological Research 54 (2): 150–157. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2006.04.001. PMID 16750635.
- ^ O'Hearn, E.; Molliver, M. E. (1993). "Degeneration of Purkinje Cells in Parasagittal Zones of the Cerebellar Vermis after Treatment with Ibogaine or Harmaline". Neuroscience 55 (2): 303–310. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90500-F. PMID 8377927.
- ^ Cumming, P; Vincent SR (September 1992). "Inhibition of histamine-N-methyltransferase (HNMT) by fragments of 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (tacrine) and by beta-carbolines". Biochemical Pharmacology 44 (5): 989–992. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(92)90133-4. PMID 1530666.
External links [edit]
- TIHKAL, #13
- Evans, A. T.; Croft, S. L. (1987). "Antileishmanial Activity of Harmaline and other Tryptamine Derivatives". Phytotherapy Research 1 (1): 25–27. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650010106.
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