Iran–European Union relations

Euro-Iranian relations

European Union	Iran

Iranian–European Union relations have been strained in the early 2010s by the dispute over the Iranian nuclear program. The European Union along with United States have imposed sanctions against Iran over the controversies around Iranian nuclear program. These sanctions which have been described as the toughest EU sanctions imposed against any other country by European officials were last strengthened on 15 October 2012 within by the EU Council.^[1]

Nuclear program [edit]

This section is incomplete. (January 2012)

The foreign ministers from each of the EU three and former High Representative Javier Solana in 2006.

The European Union (EU), in the form of the "EU three" (France, Germany and the United Kingdom) led by the High Representative Javier Solana, have conducted negotiations with Iran regarding its nuclear program. The United States and EU are concerned that Iran is developing nuclear weapons banned in the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty.

The EU has led diplomatic talks to get guarantees there will be development of nuclear power only^[2] while the United States, backing negotiations for now, has maintained a threat of military force.^[3] These talks have not yet succeeded, with the issue going to the UN where sanctions were placed. In 2007 Solana sought to renew talks^[4] and met with Ali Larijani on 25 April 2007 to discuss resuming talks.^[5] Meanwhile, EU leaders, in April 2007, imposed sanctions on Iran that go beyond those laid out in Resolution 1737.^[6]

Sanctions [edit]

On 23 January 2012, the Council of the European Union released a report in which it restated its concerns about the growth and nature of Iran's nuclear programme.^[7] As a result, the Council announced that it would levy an embargo on Iranian oil exports. Further, it stated that it would also freeze assets held by the Central Bank of Iran and forestall the trading of precious metals and petrochemicals to and from the country.^[8] This replaces and updates the previous Council Regulation 423/2007 that was published on 27 July 2010. The new sanctions put restrictions on foreign trade, financial services, energy sectors and technologies and includes a ban on the provision of insurance and reinsurance by EU insurers to the State of Iran and Iranian owned companies.^[9] Iran has since declared its intentions to close the Strait of Hormuz should the embargo be enacted.^[10] At the time, the European Union accounted for 20% of Iran's oil exports, with the majority of the remaining being exported to Asian countries such as China, Japan, India, and South Korea.^[11] Current oil contracts will be allowed to run until July 2012.^[12]

In response to the sanctions, Ramin Mehmanparast, representative for Iran's foreign ministry, stated that the embargo would not significantly affect Iranian oil revenues. He further said that "any country that deprives itself from Iran's energy market, will soon see that it has been replaced by others."^[13]

In addition, Iran's parliament is considering a law that would pre-empt the EU ban by cutting off shipments to Europe immediately, before European countries can arrange alternate supplies.^[14]

SWIFT Sanctions [edit]

On 17 March 2012, following agreement two days earlier between all 27 member states of the Council of the European Union, and the Council's subsequent ruling, the SWIFT electronic banking network, the world hub of electronic financial transactions, disconnected all Iranian banks from its international network that had been identified as institutions in breach of current EU sanctions, and that further Iranian financial institutions could be disconnected from its network.^{[citation needed]}

Trade [edit]

The EU is Iran's largest trading partner, accounting for a third of all Iranian exports. 90% of these are energy related and Iran is the EU's sixth largest energy supplier. In 2008 Iranian exports to the EU amounted to €11.3 billion and imports from the EU amounted to €14.1 billion. EU exports to Iran are mainly machinery and transport (54.6%), manufactured goods (16.9%) and chemicals (12.1%).^[15] In 2011, Iran ranked 7th in exporting crude oil to Europe and a Eurostat report stated that 27 European states imported 11.4 billion Euros of goods from Iran in the first nine months of 2011.^[16] There is significant room for growth, though this is hampered by the nuclear dispute. A Trade and Cooperation Agreement was installed in 2002 but has been on hold since 2005 because of the dispute. There are no bilateral treaties as Iran is not a member of the WTO.^[15]

Controversy [edit]

Controversies have arisen among the international community. On 18 January 2012 Russia stated that it would consider direct threats to security to include acts of war against Iran, given its proximity to Russian territory .^[17] On 18 January, Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, on behalf of Russia, warned that an attack on Iran would cause a catastrophe. He stated the sanctions are aimed at strangling the economy of Iran and that it would create much discontent toward Western nations, and potentially provoke a negative recourse. If actions to reduce the threat of nuclear war are taken, they should not include provoking counter parts to a potential conflict.^[18]

Further argument includes the fact that sufficient evidence does not exist to make a fair determination on the existence of nuclear weapon development in Iran, raising questions as to the warrant of sanctions. Since releasing a report in November 2011, the International Atomic Energy Agency has thus not found any evidence to the existence on nuclear weapons in Iran.^[19] With this, speculation has arisen as to whether western nations are continuing on the same path that was taken with Iraq – entering into another period of war on presumptions of weapons of mass destruction that have thus far not been evidenced to exist.^[20] If this were the case, claims toward nuclear weapons could be another attempt at maintaining control of oil interests.^[21] On 24 January, during his 2012 State of the Union Address, President Barack Obama threatened Iran, saying "America is determined to prevent Iran from getting a nuclear weapon, and I will take no options off the table to achieve that goal". He also made calls to peace, by saying "... a peaceful resolution of this issue is still possible, and far better, and if Iran changes course and meets its obligations, it can rejoin the community of nations".^[22] The American Congress reacted cheerfully to those threats and gave a cold reception to these peace advances.^[23] Ardeshir Ommani, Iranian President of the American Iranian Friendship Committee reacted to those comments explaining that US sanctions are designed to harm the Iranian people and calling the isolation of Iran in the international community a "myth".^[24]

See also [edit]

• Sanctions against Iran
• U.S. sanctions against Iran
• Iran–United States relations
• Sanctions against Iranian scientists
• Anti-Iranian sentiments
• Chicago's Persian heritage crisis
• Foreign Direct Investment in Iran
• Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007
• House Resolution 362
• United States Visa Embargo against Iran
• Iran and weapons of mass destruction

References [edit]

External links [edit]

• Iran–E.U. relations – European Union website
• From Friend to Foe: EU-Iran Relations 1992–2011 – video of lecture at University of Illinois by Bernd Kaussler of James Madison University, 2 April 2011
• [1] - Russia: Iran Attack Would Cause Catastrophe
• Iran Watch - Updated list of Iranian companies and persons under E.U. and other international sanctions

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