Japan Ground Self-Defense Force

For the Imperial Japanese Army (1871–1947), see Imperial Japanese Army. For the Ministry of the Military (Ritsuryō) (701–1871), see Ministry of the Military (Ritsuryō).

Japan Ground Self-Defense Force

Founded	July 1, 1954 - present
Country	Japan
Type	Army
Size	148,000 active personnel
Part of	Japan Self-Defense Forces
Garrison/HQ	Ichigaya, Tokyo
Nickname	JSF or SDF
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief	PM Shinzō Abe
Chief of the ground staff	General Eiji Kimizuka

The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF; Japanese: 陸上自衛隊;, Rikujō Jieitai^?), is the main branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is the de facto army of Japan. The JGSDF was created on July 1, 1954. Up until the end of the Cold War, its primary concern was maintaining internal security in Japan and countering a possible Soviet invasion of Hokkaido. The largest of the three services of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force is tasked with maintaining internal security in Japan and operates under the command of the chief of the ground staff, based in the city of Ichigaya, Tokyo. The present chief of the ground staff is General Eiji Kimizuka (Japanese: 君塚栄治).

The JGSDF numbered around 150,000 soldiers in 2008.^[1] As of 2010, it numbered approximately 148,000 personnel.^[2]

1 History
2 Today
- 2.1 Personnel
- 2.2 Modern equipment
3 Organization
4 Ranks
- 4.1 Officers
- 4.2 Enlisted
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

History[edit]

Further information: Military history of Japan

Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration in 1945, and, in compliance with Article 9, the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy were dismantled. Both were replaced by the United States Armed Forces occupation force, which assumed responsibility for the defense of Japan.

On the outbreak of the Korean War, many U.S. units were transferred to Korea, and Japan was perceived as lacking defenses. Encouraged by the American occupation authorities, in July 1950 the Japanese government authorized the establishment of a National Police Reserve, consisting of 75,000 men equipped with light infantry weapons.^{[citation needed]} Under the terms of Japan's various peace treaties and the Mutual Security Assistance Pact (ratified in 1952), American forces stationed in Japan were responsible for confronting external aggression against Japan while Japanese forces, both ground and maritime, would deal with internal threats and natural disasters. Accordingly, in mid-1952 the National Police Reserve was expanded to 110,000 men and renamed the National Safety Forces.

Japan continued to improve its defensive capabilities. On July 1, 1954, the National Security Board was reorganized as the Defense Agency, and the National Security Force was reorganized afterwards as the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. The enabling legislation for this was the 1954 Self-Defense Forces Act [Act No. 165 of 1954].

For a long period, the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force possessed a dubious ability to hold off a Soviet invasion of Hokkaido. Zbigniew Brzezinski observed in 1972 that it seemed optimized to fight ‘a Soviet invasion conducted on American patterns of a quarter of a century ago.’^[3] While the force is now an efficient army of around 148,000,^[4] its apparent importance had, until recently, seemingly declined with the end of the Cold War, and attempts to reorient the forces as a whole to new post Cold War missions have been tangled in a series of internal political disputes.

Today[edit]

Personnel[edit]

JGSDF soldiers from the 22nd Infantry Regiment train with U.S. Army soldiers in a bilateral exercise at Fort Lewis' Leschi Town in October 2008.

In 1989, basic training for lower-secondary and upper-secondary academy graduates began in the training brigade and lasted approximately three months. Specialized enlisted and non-commissioned officer (NCO) candidate courses were available in branch schools and qualified NCOs could enter an eight-to-twelve-week officer candidate program. Senior NCOs and graduates of an eighty-week NCO pilot course were eligible to enter officer candidate schools, as were graduates of the National Defense Academy at Yokosuka and graduates of all four-year universities. Advanced technical, flight, medical and command and staff officer courses were also run by the JGSDF. Like the maritime and air forces, the JGSDF ran a youth cadet program offering technical training to lower-secondary school graduates below military age in return for a promise of enlistment.

Because of population density and urbanization on the Japanese islands, only limited areas are available for large-scale training, and, even in these areas, noise restrictions are extensive. The JGSDF has adapted to these conditions by conducting command post exercises, map maneuvers, investing in simulators and other training programs, as well as conducting live fire exercises overseas at locations such as the Yakima Training Center in the United States.

The JGSDF has two reserve components: the rapid-reaction reserve component (即応予備自衛官制度) and the main reserve component (一般予備自衛官制度). Members of the rapid-reaction component train 30 days a year. Members of the main reserve train five days a year. As of December 2007, there were 8,425 members of the rapid-reaction reserve component and 22,404 members of the main reserve component.^[5]

Modern equipment[edit]

Main article: List of modern equipment of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force

Organization[edit]

Operational Structure of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force 2011. Click to enlarge.

Armies[edit]

Disposition of JGSDF combat units

Northern Army, headquartered in Sapporo, Hokkaido
North Eastern Army, headquartered in Sendai, Miyagi
Eastern Army, headquartered in Nerima, Tokyo
Central Army, headquartered in Itami, Hyōgo
Western Army, headquartered at Kumamoto, Kumamoto

Other Units[edit]

Other Units and Organizations
- Material Control Command
- Ground Research & Development Command
- Signal Brigade
- Military Police
- Military Intelligence Command
- Intelligence Security Command
- Ground Staff College
- Ground Officer Candidate School
- Others

JGSDF Chief of Staff Eiji Kimizuka, speaks with a U.S. Marine officer aboard the USS Essex (LHD-2), in March 2011.

JGSDF Middle Army headquarters in Itami, Japan

Regionally the JGSDF is organised into five armies, the Northern Army, North Eastern Army, Eastern Army, Central Army, and Western Army.

Tactical organization[edit]

The GSDF consists of the following tactical units:

one armored division (7th),
eight infantry divisions, each with three or four battalion-sized infantry regiments,
five infantry brigades (11th Brigade, 12th Brigade, 13th Brigade, 14th Brigade, and 15th Brigade)
one airborne brigade (1st Airborne Brigade),
four combined (training) brigades,
one training brigade,
one artillery brigade,
two air defense brigades,
four engineer brigades,
one helicopter brigade with twenty-four squadrons and two anti-tank helicopter platoons.

JGSDF divisions and brigades are combined arms units with infantry, armored, and artillery units, combat support units and logistical support units. They are regionally independent and permanent entities. The divisions strength varies from 6,000 to 9,000 personnel. The brigades are smaller with 3,000 to 4,000 personnel.

Special Forces[edit]

Special Purpose units consist of the following:

CRF: Central Readiness Force (中央即応集団 Chūō Sokuō Shūdan): Nerima, Tokyo
- Headquarters – Camp Asaka, Nerima, Tokyo with 230 personnel
  - 1st Airborne Brigade – Camp Narashino, Narashino, Chiba with 1,900 personnel
  - 1st Helicopter Brigade – Camp Kisarazu, Kisarazu, Chiba with 900 personnel
  - Central Readiness Force Regiment – Camp Utsunomiya, Utsunomiya, Tochigi with 700 personnel
  - Japanese Special Forces Group – Camp Narashino, Narashino, Chiba with 300 personnel
  - Central NBC Weapon Defense Unit – Camp Ōmiya, Ōmiya-ku, Saitama with 155 personnel
  - NBC Countermeasure Medical Unit – Camp Asaka, Asaka, Saitama with 70 personnel
  - International Peace Cooperation Activities Training Unit – Camp Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka with 80 personnel

Western Army Infantry Regiment (Ranger) (西部方面普通科連隊 Seibu Hōmen Futsū-ka Rentai), light infantry unit trained for amphibious operations.

Ranks[edit]

Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
陸上自衛隊 (Rikujō Jieitai)

Command

Ground Staff Office
Components
Northern Army
North Eastern Army
Eastern Army
Central Army
Western Army
Central Readiness Force
JGSDF Reserve
JGSDF Reserve Candidate

Officers[edit]

Officer & Warrant Officer
（幹部・准尉）
Insignia	General （統合・陸上幕僚長たる陸将）	Lieutenant General （陸将）	Major General （陸将補）	Colonel （1等陸佐）	Lieutenant Colonel （2等陸佐）	Major （3等陸佐）	Captain （1等陸尉）	First Lieutenant （2等陸尉）	Second Lieutenant （3等陸尉）	Warrant Officer （准陸尉）
Type A （甲階級章）
Type B （乙階級章）
Miniature （略章）

Enlisted[edit]

Enlisted
（曹・士）
Insignia	Sergeant Major （陸曹長）	Master Sergeant （1等陸曹）	Sergeant First Class （2等陸曹）	Sergeant （3等陸曹）	Leading Private （陸士長）	Private First Class （1等陸士）	Private （2等陸士）
Type A （甲階級章）
Type B （乙階級章）
Miniature （略章）

References[edit]

^ IISS Military Balance 2008, Routledge, London, 2008, p.384
^ IISS 2010, pp. 408–411
^ Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Fragile Blossom (Harper, 1972) p.95, in James H. Buck, ‘The Japanese Military in the 1980s,’ in James H. Buck (ed.), The Modern Japanese Military System, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills/London, 1975, p.220
^ IISS 2010, pp. 408–411
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