| Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug | |||
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| Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра (Russian) | |||
| — Autonomous okrug — | |||
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| Coordinates: 62°15′N 70°10′E / 62.250°N 70.167°ECoordinates: 62°15′N 70°10′E / 62.250°N 70.167°E | |||
| Political status | |||
| Country | Russia | ||
| Federal district | Urals[1] | ||
| Economic region | West Siberian[2] | ||
| Established | December 10, 1930 | ||
| Administrative center | Khanty-Mansiysk | ||
| Government (as of March 2011) | |||
| - Governor | Natalya Komarova[3] | ||
| - Legislature | Duma | ||
| Statistics | |||
| Area (as of the 2002 Census)[4] | |||
| - Total | 534,800 km2 (206,487.4 sq mi) | ||
| Area rank | 9th | ||
| Population (2010 Census)[5] | |||
| - Total | 1,532,243 | ||
| - Rank | 29th | ||
| - Density[6] | 2.87 /km2 (7.4 /sq mi) | ||
| - Urban | 91.5% | ||
| - Rural | 8.5% | ||
| Time zone(s) | YEKT (UTC+06:00)[7] | ||
| ISO 3166-2 | RU-KHM | ||
| License plates | 86 | ||
| Official languages | Russian[8] | ||
| Official website | |||
Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, also known as Yugra (Russian: Ха́нты-Манси́йский автоно́мный о́круг — Югра́, Khanty-Mansiysky avtonomny okrug – Yugra), is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Tyumen Oblast). Population: 1,532,243 (2010 Census).[5]
The people native to the region are the Khanty and the Mansi, known collectively as Ob Ugric people. The local languages, Khanty language and Mansi language, enjoy special status in the autonomous okrug and are related to Hungarian and Finnish. Russian remains the only official language.
The majority (51%)[9] of the oil produced in Russia comes from Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, giving the region great economic importance.
Contents |
History [edit]
The territory's historical name was Yugra. The first written mention of the people inhabiting the "northern lands" was recorded in the Tale of Bygone Years in 1096. The chronicle tells of an unknown people called the Yugra (Ostyaks or Khanty) and Voguls (Mansi) encountered by Russian explorers. The narrative also makes the first mention of the Yugra's neighbors, the Samoyad (Nenets). Chronicles of the 12th and 13th century record frequent expeditions of Novgorodians to Yugra to collect tribute in sable, ermine, Arctic fox, and squirrel furs. There was an inexhaustible demand for luxury furs in Russia.[10]
Siberia was finally annexed to the Muscovite state after Yermak Timofeyevich's legendary campaign. After defeating Khan Kuchum in fall 1582 and occupying Isker, the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Yermak sent a small Cossack detachment down the Irtysh in winter 1583. The detachment led by Bogdan Bryazga (according to other information, Cossack chieftain Nikita Pan) passed through the lands of the Konda-Pelym Voguls and reached the "walls" of the town of Samarovo. Taken by surprise by the Cossack attack, the Ostyaks surrendered. Samar, prince of the Belgorod Princedom was also killed.[10]
In fall 1585, shortly after Yermak's death, Cossacks led by voyevoda (army commander) Ivan Mansurov founded the first Russian fortified town, Obskoi, at the mouth of the Irtysh on the right bank of the Ob. The Mansi and Khanty lands thus became part of the Russian state, which was finally secured by the founding of the cities of Pelym and Berezov in 1592 and Surgut in 1594.
The towns that arose on the Northern Ob became trading centers. Special staging posts for changing horses (yamy) appeared on the busiest trade routes. Two of these posts, Demyansky and Samarovsky (now Khanty-Mansiysk), were built in 1637.
In 1708, Peter the Great issued a decree founding the province of Siberia (which included the cities of Berezov and Surgut) with the aim of establishing the new regime and developing the economy of the resource-rich territory. In 1775, Catherine the Great issued a decree establishing Tobolsk Province.[10]
The territory gained notoriety as a place of exile for prisoners of State. Prince Dmitry Romodanovsky served his sentence in Berezovsky District; Count Andrei Osterman was exiled here in 1742; and the large family of the princes Dolgorukov, in 1798. Prince Menshikov and his daughter Mariya are buried in these lands where they were exiled. Decembrists were exiled here after the Decembrist uprising in Senate Square (St. Petersburg).
The people of the north carried out administrative and judicial functions on the basis of Speransky's charter "On the Administration of Non-Russians in Siberia" confirmed in 1822.
The okrug was established on December 10, 1930, as Ostyak–Vogul National Okrug (Остя́ко-Вогу́льский национа́льный о́круг). In October 1940, it was renamed the Khanty–Mansi National Okrug. In 1977, along with other national okrugs of the Russian SFSR, it became an autonomous okrug (Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug). The administrative center is Khanty-Mansiysk. In 2003, the word "Yugra" was appended to the official name.
Geography [edit]
Principal rivers are the Ob and its tributary the Irtysh.
Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
Administrative divisions [edit]
Demographics [edit]
Population: 1,532,243 (2010 Census);[5] 1,432,817 (2002 Census);[11] 1,268,439 (1989 Census).[12]
Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug has an area of 523,100 km², but the area is sparsely populated. The administrative center is Khanty-Mansiysk, but the largest cities are Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, and Nefteyugansk.
Ethnic groups [edit]
The indigenous population (Khanty, Mansi, and Nenets) is only 2% of the total population. The exploitation of natural gas in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug has attracted immigrants from all over the former Soviet Union. The 2010 Census counted twenty-five ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each. Due to the area's oil wealth, it is one of the few areas in Russia where the ethnic Russian population is growing. The ethnic composition is as follows:
| Population of Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug[13] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Historical population figures are shown below:
| Ethnic group |
1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census1 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |||
| Khanty | 12,238 | 13.1% | 11,435 | 9.2% | 12,222 | 4.5% | 11,219 | 2.0% | 11,892 | 0.9% | 17,128 | 1.2% | 19,068 | 1.3% | ||
| Mansi | 5,768 | 6.2% | 5,644 | 4.6% | 6,684 | 2.5% | 6,156 | 1.1% | 6,562 | 0.5% | 9,894 | 0.7% | 10,977 | 0.8% | ||
| Nenets | 852 | 0.9% | 815 | 0.7% | 940 | 0.3% | 1,003 | 0.2% | 1,144 | 0.1% | 1,290 | 0.1% | 1,438 | 0.1% | ||
| Komi | 2,436 | 2.6% | 2,803 | 2.3% | 3,150 | 1.2% | 3,105 | 0.5% | 3,000 | 0.2% | 3,081 | 0.2% | 2,364 | 0.2% | ||
| Russians | 67,616 | 72.5% | 89,813 | 72.5% | 208,500 | 76.9% | 423,792 | 74.3% | 850,297 | 66.3% | 946,590 | 66.1% | 973,978 | 68.1% | ||
| Ukrainians | 1,111 | 1.2% | 4,363 | 3.5% | 9,986 | 3.7% | 45,484 | 8.0% | 148,317 | 11.6% | 123,238 | 8.6% | 91,323 | 6.4% | ||
| Tatars | 2,227 | 2.4% | 2,938 | 2.4% | 14,046 | 5.2% | 36,898 | 6.5% | 97,689 | 7.6% | 107,637 | 7.5% | 108,899 | 7.6% | ||
| Others | 1,026 | 1.1% | 6,115 | 4.9% | 15,629 | 5.8% | 43,106 | 7.6% | 163,495 | 12.7% | 223,959 | 15.6% | 173,536 | 12.6% | ||
| 1 102,138 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[14] | ||||||||||||||||
Vital statistics [edit]
| Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 281 | 5 959 | 2 025 | 3 934 | 21.2 | 7.2 | 14.0 | |
| 1975 | 415 | 9 450 | 2 572 | 6 878 | 22.8 | 6.2 | 16.6 | |
| 1980 | 649 | 13 901 | 4 116 | 9 785 | 21.4 | 6.3 | 15.1 | |
| 1985 | 1 041 | 25 130 | 4 863 | 20 267 | 24.1 | 4.7 | 19.5 | |
| 1990 | 1 274 | 21 812 | 5 354 | 16 458 | 17.1 | 4.2 | 12.9 | |
| 1991 | 1 276 | 19 060 | 5 884 | 13 176 | 14.9 | 4.6 | 10.3 | |
| 1992 | 1 270 | 15 849 | 7 132 | 8 717 | 12.5 | 5.6 | 6.9 | |
| 1993 | 1 274 | 14 531 | 9 401 | 5 130 | 11.4 | 7.4 | 4.0 | 1,59 |
| 1994 | 1 286 | 15 120 | 9 937 | 5 183 | 11.8 | 7.7 | 4.0 | 1,59 |
| 1995 | 1 298 | 14 418 | 10 041 | 4 377 | 11.1 | 7.7 | 3.4 | 1,46 |
| 1996 | 1 310 | 14 469 | 9 508 | 4 961 | 11.0 | 7.3 | 3.8 | 1,39 |
| 1997 | 1 330 | 14 640 | 8 497 | 6 143 | 11.0 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 1,34 |
| 1998 | 1 351 | 15 600 | 8 164 | 7 436 | 11.5 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 1,39 |
| 1999 | 1 359 | 14 728 | 8 476 | 6 252 | 10.8 | 6.2 | 4.6 | 1,29 |
| 2000 | 1 372 | 15 579 | 9 426 | 6 153 | 11.4 | 6.9 | 4.5 | 1,34 |
| 2001 | 1 398 | 17 130 | 9 863 | 7 267 | 12.3 | 7.1 | 5.2 | 1,43 |
| 2002 | 1 426 | 19 051 | 9 829 | 9 222 | 13.4 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 1,54 |
| 2003 | 1 445 | 19 883 | 10 000 | 9 883 | 13.8 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 1,58 |
| 2004 | 1 456 | 20 377 | 9 828 | 10 549 | 14.0 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 1,59 |
| 2005 | 1 466 | 19 958 | 10 415 | 9 543 | 13.6 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 1,54 |
| 2006 | 1 476 | 20 366 | 10 077 | 10 289 | 13.8 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 1,56 |
| 2007 | 1 487 | 21 887 | 10 093 | 11 794 | 14.7 | 6.8 | 7.9 | 1,66 |
| 2008 | 1 500 | 23 197 | 10 215 | 12 982 | 15.5 | 6.8 | 8.7 | 1,74 |
| 2009 | 1 513 | 23 840 | 10 107 | 13 733 | 15.8 | 6.7 | 9.1 | 1,77 |
| 2010 | 1 527 | 25 089 | 10 447 | 14 642 | 16.4 | 6.8 | 9.6 | 1,84 |
| 2011 | 1 543 | 25 335 | 10 072 | 14 642 | 16.4 | 6.5 | 9.9 | 1,86 |
| 2012 | 1 558 | 27 686 | 9 949 | 17 737 | 17.6 | 6.3 | 11.3 | 2,02 |
Religion [edit]
According to a 2012 official survey[15] 38.1% of the population of Yugra adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% of the population adheres to Slavic Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism) or to Khanty-Mansi shamanism. Muslims constitute 11% of the population. In addition, 23% of the population deems itself to be "spiritual but not religious", 11% is atheist, and 10.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[15]
Transport [edit]
In Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, primary transport of goods accounted for water and railway transport, 29% is transported by road, and 2% aviation. The total length of railway tracks 1106 km. The length of roads, more than 18000.
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Official website of Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Natalya Vladimirovna Komarova, Governor of Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Russian)
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
- ^ a b c "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
- ^ The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.
- ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication.).
- ^ Official the whole territory of Russia according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ В Ханты-Мансийском автономном округе добыта 10-миллиардная тонна нефти
- ^ a b c Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Area
- ^ "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. May 21, 2004. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров." [All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ National Composition of Population for Regions of the Russian Federation (XLS). 2010 Russian All-Population Census. 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
- ^ http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936
- ^ a b c Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
- ^ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
External links [edit]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug |
- Official website of Khanty–Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra
- The official website of the public authorities of Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra (Russian) (English)
- Official site of Khanty–Mansi Duma (Russian)
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