List of famines

Depiction of victims of the Great Irish Famine, 1845–1849

This is a selective list of known major famines, ordered by date.

Between 108 BC and 1911 AD, there were no fewer than 1,828 major famines in China, or one nearly every year in one or another province; however, the famines varied greatly in severity.^[1]^[2]

There were 95 famines in Britain during the Middle Ages.^[3]^[4]

Date	Event	Location	Death toll (estimate)
441 BC	The first famine recorded in ancient Rome.	Ancient Rome^[5]
26 BC	Famine recorded throughout Near East and Levant, as recorded by Josephus	Judea	20,000+
400–800 AD	Various famines in Western Europe associated with the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and its sack by Alaric I. Between 400 and 800 AD, the population of the city of Rome fell by over 90%, mainly because of famine and plague.^[6]	Western Europe
639	Famine in Arabia during the Caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab^[7]	Arabia
750s		Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus)^[8]
800–1000	Severe drought killed millions of Maya people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization^[9]	Mayan areas of Mesoamerica	1 million+
809		Frankish Empire^[10]^{[unreliable source?]}
875–84	Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine;^[11]^[12] Huang Chao captured capital	China
927–28	Caused by four months of frost^[13]^[14]	Byzantine Empire
1005		England^[15]
1016	Famine throughout Europe^[16]	Europe
1051	Famine forced the Toltecs to migrate from a stricken region in what is now central Mexico^[17]	Mexico (present day)
1064–72	Seven years' famine in Egypt ^[18]^[19]	Egypt	40,000 ^[18]
1097	Famine and plague ^[20]	France	7005100000000000000♠100,000
1181	Yōwa famine (ja)	Japan	7004423000000000000♠42,300
1230	Famine in the Republic of Novgorod^{[citation needed]}	Russia
1229–32	The Kangi famine, possibly the worst famine in Japan's history.^[21] Caused by volcanic eruptions.^[22]	Japan
1235	Famine in England, 20,000 died in London alone^{[citation needed]}	England	20,000
1255		Portugal^[23]
1275–99	Collapse of the Anasazi civilization, widespread famine occurred^[24]	United States (present day)
1315–17	Great Famine of 1315–1317	Europe^[25]
1333–37		China^[26]
1344–45	Famine in India, under the regime of Muhammad bin Tughluq^[27]	India
1387	After Timur the Lame left Asia Minor, severe famine ensued^{[citation needed]}	Anatolia
1396–1407	The Durga Devi famine	India^[28]
1441	Famine in Mayapan	Mexico^[29]
1450–54	Famine in the Aztec Empire,^[30] interpreted as the gods' need for sacrifices.^[31]	Mexico (present day)
1460–61	Kanshō famine in Japan	Japan	82,000
1504		Spain^[32]
1518	Venice^{[citation needed]}	Italy (present day)
1528	Famine in Languedoc	France^[33]
1535	Famine in Ethiopia	Ethiopia
1540	Tenbun famine (ja)	Japan
1567–70	Famine in Harar, combined with plague^{[citation needed]}. Emir of Harar died.	Ethiopia
1586	Famine in England which gave rise to the Poor Law system^{[citation needed]}	England
1601–03	One of the worst famines in all of Russian history; famine killed as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one-third of Tsar Godunov's subjects; see Russian famine of 1601–1603.^[34]^[35] Same famine killed about half Estonian population.	Russia	7006200000000000000♠2 million
1618–48	Famines in Europe caused by Thirty Years' War	Europe
1619	Famine in Japan. During the Tokugawa period, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious.^[36]	Japan
1630–31	Deccan Famine of 1630–32 (Note: There was a corresponding famine in northwestern China, eventually causing the Ming dynasty to collapse in 1644)	India
1640–43	Kan'ei Great Famine	Japan	50,000-100,000
1648–60	Poland lost an estimated 1/3 of its population due to wars, famine, and plague^{[citation needed]}	Poland
1649	Famine in northern England ^[37]	England
1650–52	Famine in the east of France ^[38]	France
1651–53	Famine throughout much of Ireland during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland^[39]	Ireland
1661	Famine in India, due to lack of any rainfall for two years^[40]	India
1670s – 80s	Plague and famines in Spain^{[citation needed]}	Spain
1680	Famine in Sardinia^[41]	Italy (present day)	7004800000000000000♠ 80,000 ^[42]
1680s	Famine in Sahel^[38]
1690s	Famine throughout Scotland which killed 5–15% of the population ^[43]	Scotland	60,000 - 180,000
1693–94	Between 1.3 and 1.5 million French died in the fr:grande famine de 1693-1694	France	7006150000000000000♠1.5 million^[44]^[45]
1695–97	Great Famine of Estonia killed about a fifth of Estonian and Livonian population (70,000–75,000 people). Famine also hit Sweden (80,000–100,000 dead)	The Swedish Empire, of which Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia were dominions at that time	150,000–175,000
1696–97	Great Famine of Finland wiped out almost a third of the population^[46]	Finland, then part of Sweden proper
1702–04	Famine in Deccan ^[47]	India	7006200000000000000♠2 million ^[47]
1708–11	Famine in East Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population^[48]	East Prussia	7005250000000000000♠250,000
1709–10	The fr:Grande famine de 1709	France^[49]	600.000
1722		Arabia^[50]
1727–28	Famine in the English Midlands^[51]	England
1732–33	Kyōhō famine	Japan	12,172-169,000^[52]
1738–56	Famine in West Africa, half the population of Timbuktu died of starvation^[53]	West Africa
1740–41	Great Irish Famine (1740–1741)	Ireland
1750–56	Famine in the Senegambia region ^[54]
1764	Famine in Naples^[55]	Italy (present day)
1769–73	Great Bengal famine of 1770,^[56] 10 million dead (one third of population)	India, Bangladesh (present day)	7007100000000000000♠10 million
1770–71	Famines in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands people	Czech Republic (present day)	100,000+
1771–72	Famine in Saxony and southern Germany^{[citation needed]}	Germany
1773	Famine in Sweden^{[citation needed]}	Sweden
1779	Famine in Rabat	Morocco^[57]
1780s	Great Tenmei famine	Japan	20,000 – 920,000
1783	Famine in Iceland caused by Laki eruption killed one-fifth of Iceland's population^[58]	Iceland
1783–84	Chalisa famine	India	7007110000000000000♠11 million^[59]
1784	Widespread famine throughout Egypt^[60]	Egypt
1784–85	Famine in Tunisia killed up to one-fifth of all Tunisians^{[citation needed]}	Tunisia
1788	The two years previous to the French Revolution saw bad harvests and harsh winters, possibly because of a strong El Niño cycle^[61] or caused by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland.^[62]^[63]	France
1789	Famine in Ethiopia afflicted "amhara/tigray north"
1789–92	Doji bara famine or Skull famine	India	11 million
1810, 1811, 1846, and 1849	Four famines in China	China	7007450000000000000♠45 million.^[64]
1811–12	Famine devastated Madrid^[65]	Spain	7004200000000000000♠20,000^[66]
1815	Eruption of Tambora, Indonesia. Tens of thousands died in subsequent famine	Indonesia	10,000
1816–17	Year Without a Summer	Europe	7004650000000000000♠ 65,000
1830–33	Claimed to have killed 42% of the population	Cape Verde	7004300000000000000♠30,000^[67]
1830s	Tenpo famine	Japan
1837–38	Agra famine of 1837–38	India	1 million
1845–57	Highland Potato Famine	Scotland
1845–49	Great Famine in Ireland killed more than 1 million people and over 1.5–2 million emigrated^[68]	Ireland	7006150000000000000♠1.5 million
1846	Famine led to the peasant revolt known as "Maria da Fonte" in the north of Portugal^{[citation needed]}	Portugal
1849–50	Demak and Grobogan in Central Java, caused by four successive crop failures due to drought.	Indonesia	7004830000000000000♠83,000^[69]
1850–73	As a result of imperialism, the Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion, drought, and famine, the population of China dropped by more than 60 million^[70]	China	60 million
1860–61	Upper Doab famine of 1860–61	India	2 million
1866	Orissa famine of 1866	India	7006100000000000000♠1 million^[71]
1866–68	Finnish famine of 1866–1868. About 15% of the entire population died	Finland, northern Sweden	7005150000000000000♠150,000+
1869	Rajputana famine of 1869	India	7006150000000000000♠1.5 million^[71]
1870–71	Great Persian Famine of 1870–71	Iran (present day)	7006200000000000000♠2 million^[72]
1873–74	Famine in Anatolia caused by drought and floods^[73]^[74]	Turkey (present day)
1879	1879 Famine in Ireland. Unlike previous famines, this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality.	Ireland
1873–74	Bihar famine of 1873–74	India
1876–79	Famine in India, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries). Famine in northern China killed 13 million people.^[75] 5.25 million died in the Great Famine of 1876–78 in India	India, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries).	18.25 million in Northern China and India alone. British policies and drought were responsible for the deaths in India.^[76]^[77] The famine in China was a result of drought influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.^[78]
1878–80	Famine in St. Lawrence Island, Alaska^[79]	United States
1888–89	Famine in Orrisa, Ganjam and Northern Bihar	India
1888–92	Ethiopian Great famine. About one-third of the population died.^[80]^[81] Conditions worsen with cholera outbreaks (1889–92), a typhus epidemic, and a major smallpox epidemic (1889–90).	Ethiopia
1891–92		Russia	7005375000000000000♠375,000–500,000^[82]^[83]
1896–97	Famine in northern China leading in part to the Boxer Rebellion	China
1896–1902	Series of famines in India due to drought and British policies.^[77]^[84]^[85]	India	6 million (British Territories), Mortality unknown in Princely States
1904–06	Famine in Spain.^[86]^[87]^[88]	Spain
1907, 1911	Famines in east-central China	China	25 million ^[89]
1914–18	Mount Lebanon famine during World War I which was caused by an Entente powers and Ottoman Turk blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population^[90]	Lebanon	200,000
1916–17	Famine caused by the British blockade of Germany in World War I	Germany
1916–17	Winter famine in Russia^{[citation needed]}	Russia
1917–19	Persian famine of 1917-1918. As much as 1/4 of the population living in the north of Iran died in the famine^[91]^[92] Although the research of Mohammad Gholi Majd alleges as many as 8–10 million killed, this is based on an original population estimate of 19 million. Other estimates place the original population at only 11 million, calling Majd's numbers heavily into question.^[93]^[94] The Iranian government has stated that the famine was caused by the British (this is disputed) and that 8–10 million people died, this death toll also being in the American Archives^{[citation needed]}.	Iran (present day)	As high as 8–10 million^[95]
1918–19	Rumanura famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo	Rwanda and Burundi (present day)
1917–21	A series of famines in Turkestan at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the population^[96]	Turkestan
1921	Russian famine of 1921	Russia	7006500000000000000♠5 million^[97]
1921–22	1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan	Russia	500,000–2,000,000^[98]
1924–25	Famine in Volga German colonies in Russia. One-third of the entire population perished^[99]	Russia
1928–29	Famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo	Rwanda and Burundi (present day)
1928–30	Famine in northern China. The drought resulted in 3 million deaths	China	3 million
1932–33	Soviet famine of 1932–1933 and Soviet-related famine in Ukraine	Soviet Union and Ukraine	7007100000000000000♠7–10 million in Ukraine, millions in Russia^[100]
1936	Famine in China	China	7006500000000000000♠5 million^[101]
1940–48	Famine in Morocco between 1940–48, because of refueling system installed by France.^[102]	Morocco	200 000
1940–45	Famine in Warsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis).	Occupied Poland
1941–44	Leningrad famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About one million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40 °C (−40 °F).^[103]	Russia	7006100000000000000♠ 1 million
1941–44	Famine in Greece caused by the Axis occupation.^[104]^[105]	Greece	7005300000000000000♠300,000
1942–43	Chinese famine of 1942–43	Henan, China	7006150000000000000♠ 2–3 million
1943	Bengal famine of 1943	Bengal, India	7006150000000000000♠ 1.5-7 million
1943	Ruzagayura famine in Ruanda-Urundi, causing emigrations to Congo	Rwanda and Burundi (present day)
1944–45	Java under Japanese occupation	Java, Indonesia	7006240000000000000♠ 2.4 million^[106]
1944	Dutch famine of 1944 during World War II	Netherlands	7004200000000000000♠20,000
1944	Rwanda famine of 1944	Rwanda
1945	Vietnamese Famine of 1945	Vietnam	7005400000000000000♠ 400,000–2 million
1947	Soviet Famine of 1947	Soviet Union	7006100000000000000♠1–1.5 million^[107]^[108]
1946-47	German "Hungerwinter"	Germany	several 100,000
1958	Famine in Tigray	Ethiopia	7005100000000000000♠100,000
1959–61	The Great Chinese Famine. According to government statistics, there were 15 million excess deaths.	China	7007150000000000000♠15–43 million^[109]
1966–67	Lombok, drought and malnutrition, exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice trade	Indonesia	7004500000000000000♠50,000^[110]
1967–70	Biafran famine caused by Nigerian blockade	Nigeria
1968–72	Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people^[111]	Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso	1 million
1972–73	Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of Haile Selassie and to Derg rule	Ethiopia	7004600000000000000♠60,000^[112]
1974	Bangladesh famine of 1974	Bangladesh	27,000
1975–79	Khmer Rouge. An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor and famine	Cambodia	2 million
1980–81	Caused by drought and conflict^[112]	Uganda	7004300000000000000♠30,000^[112]
1984–85	1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia	Ethiopia	400,000^[113]
1991–92	Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war^[112]	Somalia	7005300000000000000♠300,000^[112]
1996	North Korean famine.^[114]^[115] Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation (other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million).^[116]	North Korea	7005200000000000000♠200,000 to 3.5 million
1998	1998 Sudan famine caused by war and drought	Sudan	7004700000000000000♠70,000^[112]
1998–2000	Famine in Ethiopia. The situation worsened by Eritrean–Ethiopian War	Ethiopia
1998–2004	Second Congo War. 3.8 million people died, mostly from starvation and disease	Democratic Republic of the Congo	3.8 million
2005–06	2005–06 Niger food crisis. At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa	Niger and West Africa
2011–12	Famine in Somalia, brought on by the 2011 East Africa drought^[117]	Somalia	285,000
2012	Famine in West Africa, brought on by the 2012 Sahel drought^[118]	Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso
2017	Famine in South Sudan.^[119] Famine in Yemen. Famine in Somalia. Famine in Nigeria	South Sudan, Unity State, Yemen

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^ "Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief". SAGE Publications, Inc. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
^ Basckin, Deborah (25 November 2014). "Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds". BBC News Magazine. BBC News. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
^ "Global Connections . Timeline". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
^ Kenneth Pollack (2004). The Persian Puzzle: Deciphering the Twenty-five-Year Conflict Between the United States and Iran. Random House Publishing Group. p. 25.
^ Floor, Willem (2005-01-01). "Review of The Great Famine and Genocide in Persia, 1917–1919". Iranian Studies. 38 (1): 192–96. JSTOR 4311715.
^ Messkoub, Mahmood (2006-01-01). "Social Policy in Iran in the Twentieth Century". Iranian Studies. 39 (2): 227–52. JSTOR 4311815. doi:10.1080/00210860600628773.
^ http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2197/8-10-million-Iranians-died-over-Great-Famine-caused-by-the-British . Permanent Archived Link
^ [6] Archived February 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
^ [7] Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Mizelle, Peter Christopher (May 2002). "Battle with Famine:" Soviet Relief and the Tatar Republic 1921-1922. District of Columbia, USA: University of Virginia. pp. 98, 281.
^ [8] Archived February 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "The Ukrainian Holodomor – Was it a Genocide?". Faminegenocide.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
^ [9] Archived October 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
^ [10]
^ [11] Archived March 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Famine and Death in Occupied Greece, 1941–1944". Cup.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
^ Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: daily life in occupied Europe, by Robert Gildea, Anette Warring, Olivier Wieviorka, Berg Publishers 2007
^ Van der Eng, Pierre (2008). "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950. (MPRA Paper No. 8852) pp. 35–38.". Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de.
^ The 1947 Soviet famine and the entitlement approach to famines, Cambridge Journal of Economics
^ Ganson, Nicholas (2009). The Soviet Famine of 1946–47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-61333-0.
^ Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70.
For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this link
^ Van der Eng, Pierre (2012) "All Lies? Famines in Indonesia during the 1950s and 1960s?" Asian Historical Economics Conference, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo (Japan), 13–15 September 2012. https://crawford.anu.edu.au/pdf/events/2012/20120916-Famine-in-Indonesia-1950s-60s.pdf
^ Famine Casts Its Grim Global Shadow, TIME
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ó Gráda 2009, p. 24
^ de Waal, Alex (1991). Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. New York & London: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-038-3.
^ https://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/august97/korea_8-26.html
^ [12] Archived June 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Bruce Cumings: We look at it and see ourselves". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
^ "United Nations News Centre – UN declares famine in another three areas of Somalia". Un.org. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
^ "Sahel Famine Crisis". UNICEF. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
^ "Famine declared in South Sudan". The Guardian. 2017-02-20.

Bibliography[edit]

Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009), Famine: a short history, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.

External links[edit]

Media related to famines at Wikimedia Commons

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[12] Orient/West – Volume 7. p. 104": The central government was threatened in 875 by a peasant-supported rebellion which gained enough momentum to sweep through the empire. The rebellion, brought under control in 884, hastened the downfall of the empire by encouraging local suzerainty and … The rebellion was aided by drought, famine"

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[Ograda2002-45] Ó Gráda, Cormac; Chevet, Jean-Michel (2002), "Famine And Market In Ancient Régime France", The Journal of Economic History, 62 (3): 706–33, PMID 17494233, doi:10.1017/S0022050702001055.

[46] "Finland timeline". Worldatlas.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[Sharma.2C_S._pg.246-47] Sharma, S. Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History "1702–1704 famine in Deccan killed two million people..." p. 246

[48] "The Dimension of Famine." (PDF). Retrieved 2014-08-13.

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[51] Appleby, Andrew B. (1 January 1980). "Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 10 (4): 643–63. JSTOR 203063. doi:10.2307/203063.

[52] 享保の大飢饉江戸時代中期に起こった飢饉で、江戸四大飢饉（寛永・享保・天明・天保）の一つ。

[53] "Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs ‘Natural’ Climate Trends". Ag.arizona.edu. 1997-08-10. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[54] Searing, James F. (2003), West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce: The Senegal River Valley, 1700–1860, Cambridge University Press, p. 132, ISBN 978-0-521-53452-9

[55] "Naples and Sicily". Britannica.com. 2014-06-16. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[56] "Famine". Encyclopedia.jrank.org. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[57] "The locust plague". Ub.es. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[58] "Haze Famine (Icelandic history)". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[59] Grove, Richard H. (2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Event in World Environmental History", The Medieval History Journal, 10 (1&2): 80, doi:10.1177/097194580701000203

[60] "Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[Grove1998-61] Grove, Richard H. (1998), "Global Impact of the 1789–93 El Niño", Nature, 393 (6683): 318–19, doi:10.1038/30636.

[Wood1992-62] Wood, C. A. (1992), "The climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption", in Harrington, C. R. (ed.), The Year Without a Summer?, Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature, pp. 58–77

[Neumann1977-63] Neumann, J. (1977), "Great Historical Events that were Significantly Affected by the Weather: 2, The Year Leading to the Revolution of 1789 in France", Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 58 (2): 163–68, ISSN 1520-0477, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1977)058<0163:GHETWS>2.0.CO;2.

[64] "Fearfull Famines of the Past". Mitosyfraudes.org. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[65] Carr, Raymond (2001), Spain: a history, Oxford University Press, p. 203, ISBN 978-0-19-280236-1

[66] Reader, John (2005), Cities, Atlantic Monthly Press, p. 243, ISBN 978-0-87113-898-9

[O_Grada22-67] Ó Gráda 2009, p. 22

[68] "The Great Famine in Ireland, 1845–1849". Ego4u.com. 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[69] Elson, R.E. (1985). "'The Famine in Demak and Grobogan in 1849–50: Its Causes and Circumstances'". Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs. 19 (1): 39–85.

[70] [5] Archived April 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.

[igi-III-486-7-71] Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. 486–87, 1 map, 552.

[72] Okazaki, Shoko (1 January 1986). "The Great Persian Famine of 1870–71". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 49 (1): 183–92. JSTOR 617680. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00042609.

[73] Zürcher, Erik Jan (2004), Turkey: a modern history (3 ed.), I.B.Tauris, p. 72, ISBN 978-1-85043-399-6

[74] Mitchell, Stephen (1995), Anatolia: land, men, and Gods in Asia Minor (reprint ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 145, ISBN 978-0-19-815029-9

[75] Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.

[76] Roy, Tirthankar (2006), The Economic History of India, 1857–1947, 2nd edition, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 361

[books.google.com-77] "Famines and Land Assessments in India by RC Dutt".

[78] "Ó Gráda, C.: Famine: A Short History". Princeton University Press.

[79] The St. Lawrence Island Famine and Epidemic, 1878–80, Arctic Anthropology

[80] Serrill, Michael S. (1987-12-21). "Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again – and aid groups fear the worst". Time.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[81] "El Niño and Drought Early Warning in Ethiopia". Archived from the original on 2007-09-11.

[82] "The History of International Humanitarian Assistance". Iupui.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[83] Spiridovich, Alexander. Revolutionary movement in Russian. Ed. 2. (in Russian)

[84] Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.

[dyson1991a-15-85] Dyson 1991a, p. 15

[86] "The terrible drought and famine of 1905 brought the strikes to an end….After the famine of 1905 anarchism seemed to disappear in the south of Spain. Only a few groups remained in the towns." Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth.Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1990 (pp. 175, 178).

[87] R. J. Harrison, "The Spanish Famine of 1904–1906". Agricultural History Vol. 47, No. 4 (Oct., 1973), pp. 300–07

[88] "A debilitating famine, caused by a persistent drought which lasted from the spring of 1904 until summer 1906, bringing death and starvation to the South, raised the expectations of agrarian reformers that the Madrid authorities would vote additional funds for that region." Joseph Harrison and Alan Hoyle; Spain’s 1898 Crisis : Regenerationism, Modernism, Post-Colonialism. Manchester University Press ; Manchester, UK. 2000 (p. 58).

[89] "Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief". SAGE Publications, Inc. Retrieved 2015-09-08.

[90] Basckin, Deborah (25 November 2014). "Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds". BBC News Magazine. BBC News. Retrieved 26 November 2014.

[91] "Global Connections . Timeline". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[92] Kenneth Pollack (2004). The Persian Puzzle: Deciphering the Twenty-five-Year Conflict Between the United States and Iran. Random House Publishing Group. p. 25.

[93] Floor, Willem (2005-01-01). "Review of The Great Famine and Genocide in Persia, 1917–1919". Iranian Studies. 38 (1): 192–96. JSTOR 4311715.

[94] Messkoub, Mahmood (2006-01-01). "Social Policy in Iran in the Twentieth Century". Iranian Studies. 39 (2): 227–52. JSTOR 4311815. doi:10.1080/00210860600628773.

[95] ttp://english.khamenei.ir/news/2197/8-10-million-Iranians-died-over-Great-Famine-caused-by-the-British . Permanent Archived Link

[96] [6] Archived February 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.

[97] [7] Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.

[98] Mizelle, Peter Christopher (May 2002). "Battle with Famine:" Soviet Relief and the Tatar Republic 1921-1922. District of Columbia, USA: University of Virginia. pp. 98, 281.

[99] [8] Archived February 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.

[100] "The Ukrainian Holodomor – Was it a Genocide?". Faminegenocide.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[101] [9] Archived October 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.

[102] [10]

[103] [11] Archived March 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.

[104] "Famine and Death in Occupied Greece, 1941–1944". Cup.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[105] Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: daily life in occupied Europe, by Robert Gildea, Anette Warring, Olivier Wieviorka, Berg Publishers 2007

[106] Van der Eng, Pierre (2008). "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950. (MPRA Paper No. 8852) pp. 35–38.". Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de.

[107] The 1947 Soviet famine and the entitlement approach to famines, Cambridge Journal of Economics

[108] Ganson, Nicholas (2009). The Soviet Famine of 1946–47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-61333-0.

[xiz-109] Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70.
For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this link

[110] Van der Eng, Pierre (2012) "All Lies? Famines in Indonesia during the 1950s and 1960s?" Asian Historical Economics Conference, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo (Japan), 13–15 September 2012. https://crawford.anu.edu.au/pdf/events/2012/20120916-Famine-in-Indonesia-1950s-60s.pdf

[111] Famine Casts Its Grim Global Shadow, TIME

[O_Grada24-112] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ó Gráda 2009, p. 24

[113] Waal, Alex (1991). Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. New York & London: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-038-3.

[114] ttps://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/august97/korea_8-26.html

[115] [12] Archived June 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.

[116] "Bruce Cumings: We look at it and see ourselves". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[117] "United Nations News Centre – UN declares famine in another three areas of Somalia". Un.org. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2014-08-13.

[Usfc-118] "Sahel Famine Crisis". UNICEF. Retrieved 29 August 2013.

[119] "Famine declared in South Sudan". The Guardian. 2017-02-20.

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WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE

Contents

See also[edit]

Main article lists[edit]

Other articles[edit]

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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