Share

List of famines

VIDEOS 1 TO 50
NEXT
GO TO RESULTS [1 .. 50]

WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Depiction of victims of the Great Irish Famine, 1845–1849

This is a selective list of known major famines, ordered by date.

Between 108 BC and 1911 AD, there were no fewer than 1,828 major famines in China, or one nearly every year in one or another province; however, the famines varied greatly in severity.[1][2]

There were 95 famines in Britain during the Middle Ages.[3][4]

Date Event Location Death toll (estimate)
2200–2100 BC The 4.2 kiloyear event caused famines and civilizational collapse worldwide global
441 BC The first famine recorded in ancient Rome. Ancient Rome[5]
26 BC Famine recorded throughout Near East and Levant, as recorded by Josephus Judea 20,000+
400–800 AD Various famines in Western Europe associated with the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and its sack by Alaric I. Between 400 and 800 AD, the population of the city of Rome fell by over 90%, mainly because of famine and plague.[6] Western Europe
535–536 AD Extreme weather events of 535–536 global
639 Famine in Arabia during the Caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab[7] Arabia
750s Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus)[8]
800–1000 Severe drought killed millions of Maya people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization[9] Mayan areas of Mesoamerica 1 million+
875–84 Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine;[10][11] Huang Chao captured capital China
927–28 Caused by four months of frost[12][13] Byzantine Empire
1005 England[14]
1016 Famine throughout Europe[15] Europe
1051 Famine forced the Toltecs to migrate from a stricken region in what is now central Mexico[16] Mexico (present day)
1064–72 Seven years' famine in Egypt [17][18] Egypt 40,000 [17]
1097 Famine and plague [19] France 100,000
1181 Yōwa famine (ja) Japan 42,300
1230 Famine in the Republic of Novgorod[citation needed] Russia
1229–32 The Kangi famine, possibly the worst famine in Japan's history.[20] Caused by volcanic eruptions.[21] Japan
1235 Famine in England, 20,000 died in London alone[citation needed] England 20,000
1255 Portugal[22]
1275–99 Collapse of the Anasazi civilization, widespread famine occurred[23] United States (present day)
1315–17 Great Famine of 1315–1317 Europe[24]
1333–37 China[25]
1344–45 Famine in India, under the regime of Muhammad bin Tughluq[26] India
1387 After Timur the Lame left Asia Minor, severe famine ensued[citation needed] Anatolia
1396–1407 The Durga Devi famine India[27]
1441 Famine in Mayapan Mexico[28]
1450–54 Famine in the Aztec Empire,[29] interpreted as the gods' need for sacrifices.[30] Mexico (present day)
1460–61 Kanshō famine in Japan[citation needed] Japan 82,000
1504 Spain[31]
1518 Venice[citation needed] Italy (present day)
1528 Famine in Languedoc France[32]
1535 Famine in Ethiopia Ethiopia
1540 Tenbun famine (ja) Japan
1567–70 Famine in Harar, combined with plague[citation needed]. Emir of Harar died. Ethiopia
1586 Famine in England which gave rise to the Poor Law system[citation needed] England
1601–03 One of the worst famines in all of Russian history; famine killed as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one-third of Tsar Godunov's subjects; see Russian famine of 1601–1603.[33][34] Same famine killed about half Estonian population. Russia 2 million
1618–48 Famines in Europe caused by Thirty Years' War Europe
1619 Famine in Japan. During the Tokugawa period, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious.[35] Japan
1630–31 Deccan Famine of 1630–32 (Note: There was a corresponding famine in northwestern China, eventually causing the Ming dynasty to collapse in 1644) India
1640–43 Kan'ei Great Famine Japan 50,000-100,000
1648–60 Poland lost an estimated 1/3 of its population due to wars, famine, and plague[citation needed] Poland
1649 Famine in northern England [36] England
1650–52 Famine in the east of France [37] France
1651–53 Famine throughout much of Ireland during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland[38] Ireland
1661 Famine in India, due to lack of any rainfall for two years[39] India
1670s – 80s Plague and famines in Spain[citation needed] Spain
1680 Famine in Sardinia[40] Italy (present day) 80,000 [41]
1680s Famine in Sahel[37]
1690s Famine throughout Scotland which killed 5–15% of the population [42] Scotland 60,000 - 180,000
1693–94 Between 1.3 and 1.5 million French died in the fr:grande famine de 1693-1694 France 1.5 million[43][44]
1695–97 Great Famine of Estonia killed about a fifth of Estonian and Livonian population (70,000–75,000 people). Famine also hit Sweden (80,000–100,000 dead) The Swedish Empire, of which Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia were dominions at that time 150,000–175,000
1696–97 Great Famine of Finland wiped out almost a third of the population[45] Finland, then part of Sweden proper
1702–04 Famine in Deccan [46] India 2 million [46]
1708–11 Famine in East Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population[47] East Prussia 250,000
1709–10 The fr:Grande famine de 1709 France[48] 600.000
1722 Arabia[49]
1727–28 Famine in the English Midlands[50] England
1732–33 Kyōhō famine Japan 12,172-169,000[51]
1738–56 Famine in West Africa, half the population of Timbuktu died of starvation[52] West Africa
1740–41 Great Irish Famine (1740–1741) Ireland
1750–56 Famine in the Senegambia region [53]
1764 Famine in Naples[54] Italy (present day)
1769–73 Great Bengal famine of 1770,[55] 10 million dead (one third of population) India, Bangladesh (present day) 10 million
1770–71 Famines in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands people Czech Republic (present day) 100,000+
1771–72 Famine in Saxony and southern Germany[citation needed] Germany
1773 Famine in Sweden[56] Sweden
1779 Famine in Rabat Morocco[57]
1780s Great Tenmei famine Japan 20,000 – 920,000
1783 Famine in Iceland caused by Laki eruption killed one-fifth of Iceland's population[58] Iceland
1783–84 Chalisa famine India 11 million[59]
1784 Widespread famine throughout Egypt[60] Egypt
1784–85 Famine in Tunisia killed up to one-fifth of all Tunisians[citation needed] Tunisia
1788 The two years previous to the French Revolution saw bad harvests and harsh winters, possibly because of a strong El Niño cycle[61] or caused by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland.[62][63] France
1789 Famine in Ethiopia afflicted "amhara/tigray north"
1789–92 Doji bara famine or Skull famine India 11 million
1804-1872, 1913 A series of 14 famines in Austrian Galicia Poland, Ukraine (present day) 400,000-550,000
1810, 1811, 1846, and 1849 Four famines in China China 45 million.[64]
1811–12 Famine devastated Madrid[65] Spain 20,000[66]
1815 Eruption of Tambora, Indonesia. Tens of thousands died in subsequent famine Indonesia 10,000
1816–17 Year Without a Summer Europe 65,000
1830–33 Claimed to have killed 42% of the population Cape Verde 30,000[67]
1830s Tenpo famine Japan
1837–38 Agra famine of 1837–38 India 1 million
1845–57 Highland Potato Famine Scotland
1845–49 Great Famine in Ireland killed more than 1 million people and over 1.5–2 million emigrated[68] Ireland 1.5 million
1846 Famine led to the peasant revolt known as "Maria da Fonte" in the north of Portugal[citation needed] Portugal
1849–50 Demak and Grobogan in Central Java, caused by four successive crop failures due to drought. Indonesia 83,000[69]
1850–73 As a result of Taiping Rebellion, drought, and famine, the population of China dropped by more than 60 million[70] China 60 million
1860–61 Upper Doab famine of 1860–61 India 2 million
1866 Orissa famine of 1866 India 1 million[71]
1866–68 Finnish famine of 1866–1868. About 15% of the entire population died Finland, northern Sweden 150,000+
1869 Rajputana famine of 1869 India 1.5 million[71]
1870–72 Persian famine of 1870–1872 Iran (present day) 2 million[72]
1873–74 Famine in Anatolia caused by drought and floods[73][74] Turkey (present day)
1879 1879 Famine in Ireland. Unlike previous famines, this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality. Ireland
1873–74 Bihar famine of 1873–74 India
1876–79 Famine in India, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries). Famine in northern China killed 13 million people.[75] 5.25 million died in the Great Famine of 1876–78 in India India, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries). 18.25 million in Northern China and India alone. British policies and drought were responsible for the deaths in India.[76][77] The famine in China was a result of drought influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.[78]
1878–80 Famine in St. Lawrence Island, Alaska[79] United States
1888–89 Famine in Orrisa, Ganjam and Northern Bihar India
1888–92 Ethiopian Great famine. About one-third of the population died.[80][81] Conditions worsen with cholera outbreaks (1889–92), a typhus epidemic, and a major smallpox epidemic (1889–90). Ethiopia
1891–92 Russian famine of 1891–92. Beginning along the Volga River and spreading to the Urals and the Black Sea. Russia 375,000–500,000[82][83]
1896–97 Famine in northern China leading in part to the Boxer Rebellion China
1896–1902 Series of famines in India due to drought and British policies.[77][84][85] India 6 million (British Territories), Mortality unknown in Princely States
1904–06 Famine in Spain.[86][87][88] Spain
1907, 1911 Famines in east-central China China 25 million [89]
1914–18 Mount Lebanon famine during World War I which was caused by an Entente powers and Ottoman Turk blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population[90] Lebanon 200,000
1914–19 Famine caused by the Allied blockade of Germany during World War I until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles. Germany 424,000–763,000
1916–17 Winter famine in Russia[citation needed] Russia
1917–19 Persian famine of 1917-1918. As much as 1/4 of the population living in the north of Iran died in the famine.[91][92] Although the research of Mohammad Gholi Majd alleges as many as 8–10 million killed, this is based on an original population estimate of 19 million. Other estimates place the original population at only 11 million, calling Majd's numbers heavily into question.[93][94] The Iranian government has stated that the famine was caused by the British (this is disputed) and that 8–10 million people died, this death toll also being in the American Archives[citation needed]. Iran (present day) As high as 8–10 million[95]
1918–19 Rumanura famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day)
1917–21 A series of famines in Turkestan at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the population[96] Turkestan
1921 Russian famine of 1921 Russia 5 million[97]
1921–22 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan Russia 500,000–2,000,000[98]
1924–25 Famine in Volga German colonies in Russia. One-third of the entire population perished[99] Russia
1924–25 Minor famine in Ireland due to heavy rain Irish Free State
1928–29 Famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day) a
1928–30 Famine in northern China. The drought resulted in 3 million deaths China 3 million
1932–33 Soviet famine of 1932–1933 and Soviet-related famine in Ukraine Soviet Union and Ukraine 7–10 million in Ukraine, millions in Russia[100]
1936 Famine in China China 5 million[101]
1940–48 Famine in Morocco between 1940–48, because of refueling system installed by France.[102] Morocco 200 000
1940–45 Famine in Warsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis). Occupied Poland
1941–44 Leningrad famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About one million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40 °C (−40 °F).[103] Russia 1 million
1941–44 Famine in Greece caused by the Axis occupation.[104][105] Greece 300,000
1942–43 Chinese famine of 1942–43 Henan, China 2–3 million
1943 Bengal famine of 1943 Bengal, India 1.5-2.1 million
1943 Ruzagayura famine in Ruanda-Urundi, causing emigrations to Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day)
1944–45 Java under Japanese occupation Java, Indonesia 2.4 million[106]
1944 Dutch famine of 1944 during World War II Netherlands 20,000
1944 Rwanda famine of 1944 Rwanda
1945 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Vietnam 400,000–2 million
1947 Soviet Famine of 1947 Soviet Union 1–1.5 million[107][108]
1946-47 German "Hungerwinter" Germany several 100,000
1958 Famine in Tigray Ethiopia 100,000
1959–61 The Great Chinese Famine. According to government statistics, there were 15 million excess deaths. China 15–43 million[109]
1966–67 Lombok, drought and malnutrition, exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice trade Indonesia 50,000[110]
1967–70 Biafran famine caused by Nigerian blockade Nigeria
1968–72 Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people[111] Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso 1 million
1972–73 Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of Haile Selassie and to Derg rule Ethiopia 60,000[112]
1974 Bangladesh famine of 1974 Bangladesh 27,000-1.5 million
1975–79 Khmer Rouge. An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor and famine Cambodia 2 million
1980–81 Caused by drought and conflict[112] Uganda 30,000[112]
1984–85 1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia Ethiopia 400,000[113]
1991–92 Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war[112] Somalia 300,000[112]
1996 North Korean famine.[114][115] Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation (other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million).[116] North Korea 200,000 to 3.5 million
1998 1998 Sudan famine caused by war and drought Sudan 70,000[112]
1998–2000 Famine in Ethiopia. The situation worsened by Eritrean–Ethiopian War Ethiopia
1998–2004 Second Congo War. 3.8 million people died, mostly from starvation and disease Democratic Republic of the Congo 3.8 million
2005–06 2005–06 Niger food crisis. At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa Niger and West Africa
2011–12 Famine in Somalia, brought on by the 2011 East Africa drought[117] Somalia 285,000
2012 Famine in West Africa, brought on by the 2012 Sahel drought[118] Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso
2016–present Famine in Yemen, arising from the blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia Yemen At least 50,000 children[119] Unknown number of adults
2017–present Famine in South Sudan[120]. Famine in Somalia, due to 2017 Somalian drought. Famine in Nigeria South Sudan, Unity State, Somalia, Nigeria

See also[edit]

Main article lists[edit]

Other articles[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Mallory, Walter H.; Vinacke, Harold M.; King-Hall, Stephen (1 January 1927). "Review of China: Land of Famine. Problems of Industrial Development in China. The China of To-day". Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs. 6 (3): 185–87. doi:10.2307/3014847. JSTOR 014847. 
  2. ^ "Heaven, Observe!". Time.com. 1928-02-06. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  3. ^ "Famines through history". Thefreelibrary.com. 2004-03-08. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  4. ^ "Poor studies will always be with us". Telegraph.co.uk. 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  5. ^ Livy, From the Founding of the City 4.12
  6. ^ Dave Stutz. "A Brief History of Population". Stutzfamily.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  7. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9789382573470. 
  8. ^ Thomas F. Glick. "Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages". Libro.uca.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  9. ^ The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life, and Death. 2001-04-01. ISBN 0826327745. 
  10. ^ Embree, A. Encyclopedia of Asian history – Volume 2 p. 82: "rebellion between 875 and 884 that devastated almost all of China except the modern province … caused by famine conditions, oppressive taxation,
  11. ^ Orient/West – Volume 7. p. 104": The central government was threatened in 875 by a peasant-supported rebellion which gained enough momentum to sweep through the empire. The rebellion, brought under control in 884, hastened the downfall of the empire by encouraging local suzerainty and … The rebellion was aided by drought, famine"
  12. ^ Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). A history of the Byzantine state and society. Stanford University Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6. 
  13. ^ Kazhdan, Aleksandr Petrovich; Wharton, Annabel Jane (1985). Change in Byzantine culture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-05129-4. 
  14. ^ [1] Archived May 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ^ [2] Archived May 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ^ [3] Archived May 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  17. ^ a b Davis, L. "Natural Disasters". p. 120
  18. ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica – Volume 9. p. 64
  19. ^ "FAEC – FEARFUL FAMINES OF THE PAST". 
  20. ^ Farris, William Wayne (2009). Japan to 1600: a social and economic history. University of Hawaii Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8248-3379-4. 
  21. ^ Ó Gráda 2009, p. 17
  22. ^ "Portugal > History and Events". Portugal-info.net. 2007-04-18. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  23. ^ "Collapse: Chaco Canyon". Learner.org. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  24. ^ "The Great Famine and the Black Death". Vlib.us. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  25. ^ "Projects and Events: 14th Century". Norfolkesinet.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  26. ^ Shankarlal C. Bhatt (2005). Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Uttar Pradesh. Gyan Publishing House. p. 21. ISBN 978-81-7835-384-5. Retrieved 23 April 2015. 
  27. ^ [4] Archived July 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  28. ^ "Welcome to The Human Past". Thamesandhudsonusa.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  29. ^ Trigger, Bruce G. (2003), Understanding early civilizations: a comparative study, Cambridge University Press, p. 387, ISBN 978-0-521-82245-9 
  30. ^ Davíd Carrasco (1998), Daily life of the Aztecs: people of the sun and earth, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 199, ISBN 978-0-313-29558-4 
  31. ^ David Vassberg. "Land and Society in Golden Age Castile". Libro.uca.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  32. ^ "The Dimension of Famine" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  33. ^ "Boris Feodorovich Godunov". Answers.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  34. ^ "Russia before Peter the Great". Fsmitha.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  35. ^ "A Chronology of Japanese History". Shikokuhenrotrail.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  36. ^ Rotberg, Robert I.; Rabb, Theodore K. (14 July 2014). "Climate and History: Studies in Interdisciplinary History". Princeton University Press – via Google Books. 
  37. ^ a b Ang, A. Overpopulated Philippines. p. 67
  38. ^ "BBC – Northern Ireland – A Short History". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  39. ^ "The 17th Century". Ayton.id.au. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  40. ^ "Italian States in the Seventeenth Century". History.wisc.edu. Archived from the original on 2003-09-21. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  41. ^ Dyson, Stephen L; Rowland, Robert J (2007). Archaeology and history in Sardinia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages: shepherds, sailors & conquerors. Philadelphia: UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 2007. p. 136. ISBN 1-934536-02-4.
  42. ^ Cullen, K. "Famine in Scotland: The 'ill Years' of the 1690s"
  43. ^ Appleby, Andrew B. (1980), "Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, The MIT Press, 10 (4): 643–63, doi:10.2307/203063, JSTOR 203063. 
  44. ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac; Chevet, Jean-Michel (2002), "Famine And Market In Ancient Régime France", The Journal of Economic History, 62 (3): 706–33, doi:10.1017/S0022050702001055, PMID 17494233. 
  45. ^ "Finland timeline". Worldatlas.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  46. ^ a b Sharma, S. Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History "1702–1704 famine in Deccan killed two million people..." p. 246
  47. ^ "The Dimension of Famine" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  48. ^ "The Little Ice Age in Europe". sunysuffolk.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  49. ^ "Climatic fluctuation and natural disasters in Arabia between mid-17th and early 20th Centuries". GeoJournal. 37: 176–180. 1995-09-01. doi:10.1007/BF00814902. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  50. ^ Appleby, Andrew B. (1 January 1980). "Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 10 (4): 643–63. doi:10.2307/203063. JSTOR 203063. 
  51. ^ 享保の大飢饉 江戸時代中期に起こった飢饉で、江戸四大飢饉（寛永・享保・天明・天保）の一つ。
  52. ^ "Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends". Ag.arizona.edu. 1997-08-10. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  53. ^ Searing, James F. (2003), West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce: The Senegal River Valley, 1700–1860, Cambridge University Press, p. 132, ISBN 978-0-521-53452-9 
  54. ^ "Naples and Sicily". Britannica.com. 2014-06-16. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  55. ^ "Famine". Encyclopedia.jrank.org. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  56. ^ https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth#sweden-s-demographic-transition
  57. ^ "The locust plague". Ub.es. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  58. ^ "Haze Famine (Icelandic history)". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  59. ^ Grove, Richard H. (2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Event in World Environmental History", The Medieval History Journal, 10 (1&2): 80, doi:10.1177/097194580701000203 
  60. ^ "Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  61. ^ Grove, Richard H. (1998), "Global Impact of the 1789–93 El Niño", Nature, 393 (6683): 318–19, doi:10.1038/30636. 
  62. ^ Wood, C. A. (1992), "The climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption", in Harrington, C. R. (ed.), The Year Without a Summer?, Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature, pp. 58–77 
  63. ^ Neumann, J. (1977), "Great Historical Events that were Significantly Affected by the Weather: 2, The Year Leading to the Revolution of 1789 in France", Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 58 (2): 163–68, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1977)058<0163:GHETWS>2.0.CO;2, ISSN 1520-0477. 
  64. ^ "Fearfull Famines of the Past". Mitosyfraudes.org. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  65. ^ Carr, Raymond (2001), Spain: a history, Oxford University Press, p. 203, ISBN 978-0-19-280236-1 
  66. ^ Reader, John (2005), Cities, Atlantic Monthly Press, p. 243, ISBN 978-0-87113-898-9 
  67. ^ Ó Gráda 2009, p. 22
  68. ^ "The Great Famine in Ireland, 1845–1849". Ego4u.com. 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  69. ^ Elson, R.E. (1985). "'The Famine in Demak and Grobogan in 1849–50: Its Causes and Circumstances'". Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs. 19 (1): 39–85. 
  70. ^ [5] Archived April 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  71. ^ a b Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. 486–87, 1 map, 552. 
  72. ^ Okazaki, Shoko (1 January 1986). "The Great Persian Famine of 1870–71". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 49 (1): 183–92. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00042609. JSTOR 617680. 
  73. ^ Zürcher, Erik Jan (2004), Turkey: a modern history (3 ed.), I.B.Tauris, p. 72, ISBN 978-1-85043-399-6 
  74. ^ Mitchell, Stephen (1995), Anatolia: land, men, and Gods in Asia Minor (reprint ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 145, ISBN 978-0-19-815029-9 
  75. ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. 
  76. ^ Roy, Tirthankar (2006), The Economic History of India, 1857–1947, 2nd edition, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 361
  77. ^ a b "Famines and Land Assessments in India by RC Dutt". 
  78. ^ "Ó Gráda, C.: Famine: A Short History Archived 2016-01-12 at the Wayback Machine.". Princeton University Press.
  79. ^ The St. Lawrence Island Famine and Epidemic, 1878–80, Arctic Anthropology
  80. ^ Serrill, Michael S. (1987-12-21). "Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again – and aid groups fear the worst". Time.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  81. ^ "El Niño and Drought Early Warning in Ethiopia". Archived from the original on 2007-09-11. 
  82. ^ "The History of International Humanitarian Assistance". Iupui.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  83. ^ Spiridovich, Alexander. Revolutionary movement in Russian. Ed. 2. (in Russian)
  84. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
  85. ^ Dyson 1991a, p. 15
  86. ^ "The terrible drought and famine of 1905 brought the strikes to an end….After the famine of 1905 anarchism seemed to disappear in the south of Spain. Only a few groups remained in the towns." Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth.Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1990 (pp. 175, 178).
  87. ^ R. J. Harrison, "The Spanish Famine of 1904–1906". Agricultural History Vol. 47, No. 4 (Oct., 1973), pp. 300–07
  88. ^ "A debilitating famine, caused by a persistent drought which lasted from the spring of 1904 until summer 1906, bringing death and starvation to the South, raised the expectations of agrarian reformers that the Madrid authorities would vote additional funds for that region." Joseph Harrison and Alan Hoyle; Spain’s 1898 Crisis : Regenerationism, Modernism, Post-Colonialism. Manchester University Press ; Manchester, UK. 2000 (p. 58).
  89. ^ "Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief". SAGE Publications, Inc. Retrieved 2015-09-08. 
  90. ^ Basckin, Deborah (25 November 2014). "Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds". BBC News Magazine. BBC News. Retrieved 26 November 2014. 
  91. ^ "Global Connections . Timeline". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  92. ^ Kenneth Pollack (2004). The Persian Puzzle: Deciphering the Twenty-five-Year Conflict Between the United States and Iran. Random House Publishing Group. p. 25. 
  93. ^ Floor, Willem (2005-01-01). "Review of The Great Famine and Genocide in Persia, 1917–1919". Iranian Studies. 38 (1): 192–96. doi:10.1080/0021086042000336582. JSTOR 4311715. 
  94. ^ Messkoub, Mahmood (2006-01-01). "Social Policy in Iran in the Twentieth Century". Iranian Studies. 39 (2): 227–52. doi:10.1080/00210860600628773. JSTOR 4311815. 
  95. ^ http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2197/8-10-million-Iranians-died-over-Great-Famine-caused-by-the-British . Permanent Archived Link
  96. ^ [6] Archived February 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  97. ^ [7] Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  98. ^ Mizelle, Peter Christopher (May 2002). "Battle with Famine:" Soviet Relief and the Tatar Republic 1921-1922. District of Columbia, USA: University of Virginia. pp. 98, 281. 
  99. ^ [8] Archived February 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  100. ^ "The Ukrainian Holodomor – Was it a Genocide?". Faminegenocide.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  101. ^ [9] Archived October 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  102. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2015-09-13. 
  103. ^ [10] Archived March 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  104. ^ "Famine and Death in Occupied Greece, 1941–1944". Cup.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13. [permanent dead link]
  105. ^ Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: daily life in occupied Europe, by Robert Gildea, Anette Warring, Olivier Wieviorka, Berg Publishers 2007
  106. ^ Van der Eng, Pierre (2008). "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950. (MPRA Paper No. 8852) pp. 35–38". Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de. 
  107. ^ The 1947 Soviet famine and the entitlement approach to famines, Cambridge Journal of Economics
  108. ^ Ganson, Nicholas (2009). The Soviet Famine of 1946–47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-61333-0. 
  109. ^ Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70.
    For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this link
  110. ^ Van der Eng, Pierre (2012) "All Lies? Famines in Indonesia during the 1950s and 1960s?" Asian Historical Economics Conference, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo (Japan), 13–15 September 2012. https://crawford.anu.edu.au/pdf/events/2012/20120916-Famine-in-Indonesia-1950s-60s.pdf
  111. ^ Famine Casts Its Grim Global Shadow, TIME
  112. ^ a b c d e f Ó Gráda 2009, p. 24
  113. ^ de Waal, Alex (1991). Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. New York & London: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-038-3.
  114. ^ https://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/august97/korea_8-26.html
  115. ^ [11] Archived June 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  116. ^ "Bruce Cumings: We look at it and see ourselves". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  117. ^ "United Nations News Centre – UN declares famine in another three areas of Somalia". Un.org. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2014-08-13. 
  118. ^ "Sahel Famine Crisis". UNICEF. Retrieved 29 August 2013. 
  119. ^ Press, Associated. "50,000 children in Yemen have died of starvation and disease so far this year, monitoring group says". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2017-12-23. 
  120. ^ "Famine declared in South Sudan". The Guardian. 2017-02-20. 

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Media related to famines at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_famines&oldid=841263765"

Disclaimer

None of the audio/visual content is hosted on this site. All media is embedded from other sites such as GoogleVideo, Wikipedia, YouTube etc. Therefore, this site has no control over the copyright issues of the streaming media.

All issues concerning copyright violations should be aimed at the sites hosting the material. This site does not host any of the streaming media and the owner has not uploaded any of the material to the video hosting servers. Anyone can find the same content on Google Video or YouTube by themselves.

The owner of this site cannot know which documentaries are in public domain, which has been uploaded to e.g. YouTube by the owner and which has been uploaded without permission. The copyright owner must contact the source if he wants his material off the Internet completely.

Powered by YouTube
Wikipedia content is licensed under the GFDL and (CC) license