Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies

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The Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, also known as the 2013 Review or just Boundary changes,^[1] was the process by which parliamentary constituencies to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom were being reviewed by the four UK Boundary Commissions, to comply with the revised rules for the number and size of constituencies introduced by the Coalition government. The process was intended to be completed by 2015, but following a Commons vote in January 2013 a new review will instead begin in 2015 for completion in 2018.^[2] The Boundary Commissions announced the cancellation of the reviews on 31 January 2013.^{[3] [4] [5] [6]}

Following a debate in the House of Lords on 14 January 2013, an amendment to alter the relevant legislation to change the date by which the Sixth Review should be completed was passed with a majority of 69 votes.^[7] This was the expected result given opposition on all sides to the legislation.^[8] Whilst the Review was required to be completed by October 2013 (by virtue of Section 3 of the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 as amended by the Part 2 of the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011), the amendment to the Parliamentary Constituencies and Voting System Act means it has now been delayed until 2018.

Background [edit]

The process was launched on 4 March 2011 by the Boundary Commission for England,^[9] Boundary Commission for Scotland,^[10] Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland^[11] and Boundary Commission for Wales.^[12] The changes were to be implemented by virtue of the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011, which amended the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986. Part II of the act (henceforth referred to as 'PVSaCA') deals with the amendments to the manner in which House of Commons constituencies are formed by the individual Boundary Commissions. Each commission was obliged to make a final report to the Secretary of State before 1 October 2013 (by virtue of Section 10, Clause 3, which amends Subsection 2 of Section 3 of the 1986 Act).

The January 2013 vote in the House of Commons effectively killed the process two years after its start by the four national commissions.

Changes to review process [edit]

The legislation made several significant changes to the way constituencies were to be reviewed:

Number of constituencies:

PVSaCA requires there to be exactly 600 parliamentary constituencies (Schedule 2, clause 1) — a reduction of 50 from the total fought at the 2010 General Election. This is the first time a precise number has been included in legislation, and the commissions have no freedom to vary the number.

More equal constituencies:

With a few specified exceptions for island areas (see below), the size (electorate) of all constituencies must be within 5% above or below the target number. Again, there is no leeway given to the commissions.

More frequent and faster reviews

The first review was to be completed by 2013 so that a general election held in 2015 would have been contested on the new boundaries. The legislation requires a review every five years after that date, rather than every 12 to 15 years previously. To ensure this timetable is achievable, the reviews will take place over the whole country simultaneously, rather than being phased over several years as in the past.

Protected constituencies [edit]

Four island constituencies are 'protected' by PVSaCA. They are;

• Orkney and Shetland
• Na h-Eileanan an Iar
• Two seats within the boundaries of the Isle of Wight (this is an enforced division of the single Isle of Wight constituency contested at previous elections)

Timetable [edit]

Each of the four Commissions adopted consistent procedures for developing their boundary proposals, starting with the simultaneous announcements in March 2011 starting the review process.

In each part of the UK, the relevant commission first published "Provisional Proposals", accessible on the Web and viewable at local council offices. There was a 12-week period from the moment of publication during which the public can comment on the proposals, whether supporting, opposing or suggesting an alternative. During this period, public hearings held across the country allowed those representations to be made in public: all written comments received were made public after the end of the 12-week period.

The Commission then considered all representations, and the resulting Revised Recommendations will be published for further public consultation (8 weeks), though without a second public hearing. The Commission will then decide on its final proposals.

The Scottish commission gave the following expected timetable;^[13] the timings in the three other countries were expected to be similar. The English commission began its public consultations on 11 October 2011 in Manchester, and concluded on 17/18 November in Darlington, and Exeter.^[14]

• Start of review: March 2011
• Initial Proposals consultation (12 weeks): September/October 2011 – January 2012
• Public Hearings: October/ November 2011
• Scrutiny of representations: Spring 2012
• Revised Proposals consultation (8 weeks): November 2012 – January 2013
• Report submission: Summer 2013

The four commissions would have been required to present their reports by October 2013. The government had hoped that the reports would then be approved by Parliament and in place for the May 2015 general election. In January 2013, the Government lost a vote on this timetable, which effectively ended the entire process.^[15]

Number of seats [edit]

The total of 600 constituencies required by the Act were allocated between the four countries of the UK as shown in the table below.^[16] The English Boundary Commission then announced that the number of constituencies allocated to England would be sub-divided by region, with the aim of producing "initial proposals in which each constituency is wholly contained within a single region". The seats allocated to each region are also shown below.^[17]

Across the United Kingdom [edit]

* Excluding the protected island areas

Across the regions of England [edit]

* Excluding the protected Isle of Wight

Practical considerations [edit]

The four commissions published descriptions of how they would carry out their work, and held meetings with representatives of political parties to explain their approach in the light of the more restrictive rules to which they have to work.

For example, the Boundary Commission for England stated in its newsletter; "The Commission wishes to make very clear that those with an interest in the review process should understand that the defined number of constituencies and the 5% electoral parity target are statutory requirements that it must apply and that it has absolutely no discretion in respect of either matter."^[18]

Size of constituencies [edit]

In Great Britain, constituencies can have no less an electorate than 72,810 and no more than 80,473.^[18][19] The quota in Northern Ireland is slightly different, with a fixed minimum of 70,583 and a fixed maximum of 80,473.^[20]

The quota does not apply if the area of a constituency is larger than 12,000 square kilometres (4,630 sq mi) (new Schedule 2, Rule 4(2)). No constituency can be larger than 13,000 square kilometres (5,020 sq mi) (new Schedule 2, Rule 4(1)).

Composition of constituencies [edit]

Westminster constituencies are usually created by combining entire electoral wards. For the 2013 Review, the Boundary Commission for England said in its newsletter that whilst it had used entire electoral wards in the past, the new legislation and fixed electorate quota made that harder. Therefore it aimed to use polling districts in circumstances where using entire wards was not possible, and said "it is prepared to take into account as appropriate any new ward boundaries that have been introduced after 6 May 2010".^[21] The English Commission outlined that it was "focused on getting all constituencies within the statutory range, rather than as close as possible to the electoral quota figure itself".

The Boundary Commission for Wales, confirming it did not split electoral divisions/wards during the Third, Fourth, or Fifth Periodic Reviews, aimed not to do so again this time. In those circumstances where it would be difficult or impossible to avoid splitting wards, it aimed to use entire Community councils or wards thereof.

The Scottish Commission expected few, if any, existing constituencies to remain unchanged and new seats "probably not" all to be constructed from complete electoral wards.^[22] The Northern Ireland Commission expected "few, if any" constituencies to remain the same.^[20]

Provisional recommendations [edit]

England [edit]

The Boundary Commission for England released its "Initial Proposals" to the public on 13 September 2011.^[23] Across the country, not one single electoral ward was divided.

Amongst the proposals, current Prime Minister David Cameron (Witney) and Leader of the Opposition Ed Miliband (Doncaster North) would have seen their seats remain intact with no changes. Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg's seat of Sheffield Hallam would have been altered into the proposed "Sheffield West and Penistone".

The Isle of Wight was to be divided into two almost equal halves. The so-called Devonwall constituency, sharing wards between neighbouring Devon and Cornwall, was suggested as "Bideford and Bude".

Scotland [edit]

The Initial Proposal documentation from the Boundary Commission for Scotland was released at midnight on 13 October 2011.^[24] Amongst their proposals were six prefixed by the word "Glasgow", a reduction of one across the city. Former Liberal Democrat leader Charles Kennedy's seat of Ross, Skye and Lochaber was to be divided between three other seats covering the Highlands, and Argyll and Bute. Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown's current seat would also have been redrawn into a newly configured "Kirkcaldy and Glenrothes". Public consultation closed in January 2012.

Northern Ireland [edit]

On 13 September 2011, the Northern Ireland Commission proposed to reduce the number of Belfast seats by one, and create a newly formed "Glenshane", named after the Glenshane Pass.^[25][26][27] The official response of the Democratic Unionist Party criticised the proposals as having 'the stench of gerrymander' and having 'a disproportionately negative impact upon Unionism'.^[28] The Ulster Unionist Party identified 'particular disquiet' in specific towns as a result of the provisional proposals but accepted that there was 'limited room for manoeuvre'.^[29]

Wales [edit]

The Boundary Commission for Wales released its provisional recommendations on 11 January 2012.^[30] Cardiff had its representation cut by one, the Isle of Anglesey is joined with Bangor and Bethesda in a new seat styled 'Menai ac Ynys Môn', and Merthyr Tydfil is brought into a new constituency named 'Heads of the Valley'. Four electoral wards are divided between constituencies.

Revised recommendations [edit]

There is a statutory eight-week consultation period for responding to revised recommendations, if any are required.

England [edit]

Revised recommendations for the English regions were published on 16 October.^[31] Unlike in the initial proposals, the Commission split (or divided) some electoral wards between seats,^[32] specifically in Tewkesbury and Gloucester.^[33][34] Additionally, the Isle of Wight was divided east/west^[35] and the so-called 'Devonwall' seat was modified to become 'Bideford, Bude and Launceston'.^[36]

Scotland [edit]

The Boundary Commission for Scotland released its revised recommendations on 13 September 2012.^[37] Of the 50 mainland constituencies initially recommended, 24 went unchanged, thirteen only had new boundaries recommended and five had both boundaries and names changed, whilst eight were just given new names ('Ayr North, Troon and Cumnock', 'Aryshire Central and Arran', 'Edinburgh South East', 'Galloway, Ayr South and Carrick', 'Glasgow South', 'Inverclyde and Renfrewshire West', 'Renfrewshire South and Ayrshire North', and 'West Dunbartonshire and Bearsden North').

Northern Ireland [edit]

On 16 October 2012, the Northern Irish Commission confirmed alterations to their proposed Antrim, Fermanagh and Tyrone seats.^[38]

Wales [edit]

Revised recommendations for Wales were published on 24 October.^[39] Almost all the initial proposals were altered, so as to place Machynlleth in a 'Brecon, Radnor and Montgomery' seat, and to rename proposed constituencies across North Wales as 'Ynys Môn a Bangor', 'Conwy and Colwyn', and 'Flint and North Denbighshire'.^[40]

Political and economic impact and controversy [edit]

The review was not without controversy. A spokesperson for the opposition Labour Party told the BBC "political motives" were behind the changes when they were introduced.^[41] Labour's former Shadow Scottish Secretary, Ann McKechin, called the process "gerrymandering".^[42] whilst her successor Margaret Curran criticised "Nick Clegg's plan to gerrymander Scotland".^[43] Former Conservative Minister Sir Malcolm Rifkind labelled the proposals "a muddle".^[44] Labour MP for Preston, Mark Hendrick, labelled the proposals "gerrymandering to curry political persuasion".^[45]

In June 2011, research company Democratic Audit published findings into review of potential constituency changes. The organisation attempted to create a set of boundaries for the UK according to the new rules, and examine their political consequences. Their studies suggested the Liberal Democrats could lose "a quarter" of their current seats.^[46][47] Provisional notional results published in January 2012 calculated the Conservatives could have won 299 seats under the new boundaries.^[48]

In August 2012 the House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 was dropped by the Government following disagreements between members of the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties. In response, Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg confirmed that he would instruct his members of parliament to vote against the Sixth Periodic Review,^[49] although David Cameron has vowed to pass the necessary orders regardless.^[50][51] On 30 October, a proposed amendment to the Electoral Registration and Administration Bill was tabled by Labour and Liberal Democrat peers which would postpone the Sixth Periodic Review until 2018.^[52]

On 31 October 2012, Labour peer Lord Hart, crossbench peer Lord Kerr, Liberal Democrat peer Lord Rennard, and former Plaid Cymru leader Lord Wigley tabled an amendment to the Electoral Registration and Administration Bill going through Parliament, which would postpone the Sixth Review until 2018.^[53] The passing of the amendment effectively postponed the review until 2018 at the latest, which put the plans "in disarray".^[54] During the 14 January debate, Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg received personal criticism of the position Lords found themselves in: former Scottish Secretary Lord Forsyth accused Clegg of "going from 'cross' to 'double cross'"^[55]

In October 2012, Lord Wallace told the House of Lords that the Boundary Commissions had spent £5.8million as of August 2012 and would spend a further £3.8million from September 2012 until the end of the Review.^[56]

Termination of review [edit]

On 31 January 2013 the four boundary commissions issued statements announcing that they would not be continuing with the review. The English Boundary Commission officially closed their portion of the Sixth Periodic Review.^[3] The Boundary Commission for Scotland closed its part of the review confirming they would not be completing it.^[4] The Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland also announced they had ended the review and would not be reporting to the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.^[5] The Boundary Commission for Wales stated they were cancelling the review, and would not finalise the development of their recommendations.^[6]

References [edit]

External links [edit]

• Boundary Commission for England
• Boundary Commission for Scotland
• Boundary Commission for Wales
• Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland
• Maptitude for Redistricting