Windows PowerShell

Windows PowerShell

Screenshot of a PowerShell session
Developer(s)	Microsoft Corporation
Initial release	November 14, 2006; 6 years ago (2006-11-14)
Stable release	3.0 / September 4, 2012; 8 months ago (2012-09-04)
Preview release	3.0 / 19 September 2011; 19 months ago (2011-09-19)
Development status	Active
Operating system	Windows XP and later
Platform	.NET Framework
Type	Operating system shell
License	Proprietary software; a component of Microsoft Windows
Website	www.microsoft.com/powershell

PowerShell

Paradigm(s)	Multi-paradigm: Imperative, pipeline, object-oriented, functional and reflective
Appeared in	2006
Designed by	Jeffrey Snover, Bruce Payette, James Truher (et al.)
Developer	Microsoft Corporation
Typing discipline	Strong, safe, implicit and dynamic
Influenced by	Ksh, Perl, C#, CL, DCL, SQL, Tcl and Tk[1]
Platform	.NET Framework
OS	Microsoft Windows

Windows PowerShell is Microsoft's task automation framework, consisting of a command-line shell and associated scripting language built on .NET Framework. PowerShell provides full access to COM and WMI, enabling administrators to perform administrative tasks on both local and remote Windows systems.

In PowerShell, administrative tasks are generally performed by cmdlets (pronounced command-lets), which are specialized .NET classes implementing a particular operation. Sets of cmdlets may be combined together in scripts, executables (which are standalone applications), or by instantiating regular .NET classes (or WMI/COM Objects).^[2][3] These work by accessing data in different data stores, like the filesystem or registry, which are made available to the PowerShell runtime via Windows PowerShell providers.

Windows PowerShell also provides a hosting API with which the Windows PowerShell runtime can be embedded inside other applications. These applications can then use Windows PowerShell functionality to implement certain operations, including those exposed via the graphical interface. This capability has been used by Microsoft Exchange Server 2007^[2][4] to expose its management functionality as PowerShell cmdlets and providers and implement the graphical management tools as PowerShell hosts which invoke the necessary cmdlets. Other Microsoft applications including Microsoft SQL Server 2008^[5] also expose their management interface via PowerShell cmdlets. With PowerShell, graphical interface-based management applications on Windows are layered on top of Windows PowerShell. A PowerShell scripting interface for Windows products is mandated by the Common Engineering Criteria.^[6]

Windows PowerShell includes its own extensive, console-based help, similar to man pages in Unix shells, via the Get-Help cmdlet.

Contents 1 Background 2 Overview 2.1 Cmdlets 2.2 Pipeline 2.3 Scripting 2.4 Hosting 3 Versions 3.1 Version 1.0 3.2 Version 2.0 3.3 Version 3.0 4 Comparison of cmdlets with similar commands 5 Examples 6 File extensions 7 Application support 7.1 Snap-ins and hosts 8 Alternative implementation 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

Background [edit]

Every released version of Microsoft DOS and Microsoft Windows for personal computers has included a command-line interface tool (shell). These are COMMAND.COM (in installations relying on MS-DOS, including Windows 9x) and cmd.exe (in Windows NT family operating systems). The shell is a command line interpreter that supports a few basic commands. For other purposes, a separate console application must be invoked from the shell. The shell also includes a scripting language (batch files), which can be used to automate various tasks. However, the shell cannot be used to automate all facets of GUI functionality, in part because command-line equivalents of operations exposed via the graphical interface are limited, and the scripting language is elementary and does not allow the creation of complex scripts. In Windows Server 2003, the situation was improved,^[7] but scripting support was still considered unsatisfactory.

Microsoft attempted to address some of these shortcomings by introducing the Windows Script Host in 1998 with Windows 98, and its command-line based host: cscript.exe. It integrates with the Active Script engine and allows scripts to be written in compatible languages, such as JScript and VBScript, leveraging the APIs exposed by applications via COM. However, it too has its own deficiencies: it is not integrated with the shell, its documentation is not very accessible, and it quickly gained a reputation as a system vulnerability vector after several high-profile computer viruses exploited weaknesses in its security provisions. Different versions of Windows provided various special-purpose command line interpreters (such as netsh and WMIC) with their own command sets. None of them were integrated with the command shell; nor were they interoperable.

By 2002 Microsoft had started to develop a new approach to command line management, including a shell called Monad (aka Microsoft Shell or MSH). The shell and the ideas behind it were published in August 2002 in a white paper entitled Monad Manifesto.^[8] Monad was to be a new extensible command shell with a fresh design that would be capable of automating a full range of core administrative tasks. Microsoft first showed off Monad at the Professional Development Conference in Los Angeles in September 2003. A private beta program began a few months later which eventually led to a public beta program.

Microsoft published the first Monad public beta release on June 17, 2005, Beta 2 on September 11, 2005, and Beta 3 on January 10, 2006. Not much later, on April 25, 2006 Microsoft formally announced that Monad had been renamed Windows PowerShell, positioning it as a significant part of their management technology offerings.^[9] Release Candidate 1 of PowerShell was released at the same time. A significant aspect of both the name change and the RC was that this was now a component of Windows, and not an add-on product.

Release Candidate 2 of PowerShell version 1 was released on September 26, 2006 with final Release to the web (RTW) on November 14, 2006 and announced at TechEd Barcelona. PowerShell for earlier versions of Windows was released on January 30, 2007.^[10]

PowerShell v2.0 development began, as is usual at Microsoft, before PowerShell v1.0 even shipped. During the development, Microsoft shipped three community technology preview (CTP). Microsoft made these releases available to the public. The last CTP release of Windows PowerShell v2.0 was made available in December 2008.

PowerShell v2.0 was completed and released to manufacturing in August 2009, as an integral part of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. Versions of PowerShell for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 were released in October 2009 and are available for download for both 32-bit and 64-bit platforms.^[11]

Overview [edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013)

Windows PowerShell can execute four kinds of commands:^{[citation needed]}

• cmdlets, which are .NET programs designed to interact with PowerShell
• PowerShell scripts (files suffixed by .ps1)
• PowerShell functions
• standalone executable programs

If a command is a standalone executable program, PowerShell.exe launches it in a separate process; if it is a cmdlet, it is executed in the PowerShell process. PowerShell provides an interactive command line interface, wherein the commands can be entered and their output displayed. The user interface, based on the Win32 console, offers customizable tab completion but lacks syntax highlighting. PowerShell enables the creation of aliases for cmdlets, which are textually translated by PowerShell into invocations of the original commands. PowerShell supports both named and positional parameters for commands. In executing a cmdlet, the job of binding the argument value to the parameter is done by PowerShell itself, but for external executables, arguments are passed via the argv (or equivalent) variable array to be parsed by the executable.^{[citation needed]}

PowerShell makes use of the pipeline concept. As with Unix pipelines, PowerShell pipelines are used to compose complex commands, allowing the output of one command to be passed as the input to another, using the | operator. But unlike its Unix counterpart, the PowerShell pipeline is an object pipeline. The data passed between cmdlets are fully typed objects, rather than character streams. When data is piped as objects, the elements they encapsulate retain their structure and types across cmdlets, without the need for any serialization or explicit parsing of the stream, as would be the need if only character streams were shared. An object can also encapsulate certain functions that work on the contained data, which become available to the recipient command for use.^{[12][13][dead link]} For the last cmdlet in a pipeline, PowerShell automatically pipes its output object to the Out-Default cmdlet, which transforms the objects into a stream of format objects and then renders those to the screen.^[14][15]

Because all PowerShell objects are .NET objects, they share a .ToString() method, which retrieves the text representation of the data in an object. Windows PowerShell uses this method to convert an object to text. In addition, it also allows formatting definitions to be specified, so the text representation of objects can be customized by choosing which data elements to display, and how. However, in order to maintain backwards compatibility, if an external executable is used in a pipeline, it receives a text stream representing the object, instead of directly integrating with the PowerShell type system.^{[citation needed]}

The PowerShell Extended Type System (ETS) is based on the .NET type system, but with extended semantics (for example, propertySets and third-party extensibility). For example, it enables the creation of different views of objects by exposing only a subset of the data fields, properties, and methods, as well as specifying custom formatting and sorting behavior. These views are mapped to the original object using XML-based configuration files.^[16]

Cmdlets [edit]

Cmdlets are specialized commands in the PowerShell environment that implement specific functions. These are the native commands in the PowerShell stack. Cmdlets follow a <verb>-<noun> naming pattern, such as Get-ChildItem, helping to make them self-descriptive.^[17] Cmdlets output their results as objects, or collections thereof (including arrays), and can optionally receive input in that form, making them suitable for use as recipients in a pipeline. But, whereas PowerShell allows arrays and other collections of objects to be written to the pipeline, cmdlets always process objects individually. For collections of objects, PowerShell invokes the cmdlet on each object in the collection, in sequence.^[17]

Cmdlets are specialized .NET classes, which the PowerShell runtime instantiates and invokes when they are run. Cmdlets derive either from Cmdlet or from PSCmdlet, the latter being used when the cmdlet needs to interact with the PowerShell runtime.^[17] These base classes specify certain methods - BeginProcessing(), ProcessRecord() and EndProcessing() - which the cmdlet's implementation overrides to provide the functionality. Whenever a cmdlet is run, these methods are invoked by PowerShell in sequence, with ProcessRecord() being called if it receives pipeline input.^[18] If a collection of objects is piped, the method is invoked for each object in the collection. The class implementing the Cmdlet must have one .NET attribute - CmdletAttribute - which specifies the verb and the noun that make up the name of the cmdlet. Common verbs are provided as an enum.^{[citation needed]}

If a cmdlet receives either pipeline input or command-line parameter input, there must be a corresponding property in the class, with a mutator implementation. PowerShell invokes the mutator with the parameter value or pipeline input, which is saved by the mutator implementation in class variables. These values are then referred to by the methods which implement the functionality. Properties that map to command-line parameters are marked by ParameterAttribute^[19] and are set before the call to BeginProcessing(). Those which map to pipeline input are also flanked by ParameterAttribute, but with the ValueFromPipeline attribute parameter set.^[20]

The implementation of these cmdlet classes can refer to any .NET API and may be in any .NET language. In addition, PowerShell makes certain APIs available, such as WriteObject(), which is used to access PowerShell-specific functionality, such as writing resultant objects to the pipeline. Cmdlets can use .NET data access APIs directly or use the PowerShell infrastructure of PowerShell Providers, which make data stores addressable using unique paths. Data stores are exposed using drive letters, and hierarchies within them, addressed as directories. Windows PowerShell ships with providers for the file system, registry, the certificate store, as well as the namespaces for command aliases, variables, and functions.^[21] Windows PowerShell also includes various cmdlets for managing various Windows systems, including the file system, or using Windows Management Instrumentation to control Windows components. Other applications can register cmdlets with PowerShell, thus allowing it to manage them, and, if they enclose any datastore (such as databases), they can add specific providers, as well.^{[citation needed]}

In PowerShell V2, a more portable version of Cmdlets called Modules have been added. The PowerShell V2 release notes state:

"Modules allow script developers and administrators to partition and organize their Windows PowerShell code in self-contained, reusable units. Code from a module executes in its own self-contained context and does not affect the state outside of the module. Modules also enable you to define a restricted runspace environment by using a script."^{[citation needed]}

Pipeline [edit]

As previously mentioned, PowerShell, as with Unix/Linux based shells, implements a pipeline, which enables the output of one cmdlet to be piped as input to another cmdlet. For example, the output of the Get-Process cmdlet could be piped to the Sort-Object cmdlet (e.g., to sort the objects by handle count), and then to the Where-Object to filter any process that has less than 1 MB of paged memory, and then finally to the Select-Object cmdlet to select just the first 10 (i.e., the 10 processes based on handle count).^{[citation needed]}

PowerShell differs from Unix/Linux in that structured .NET objects are passed between stages in the pipeline instead of typically unstructured text. Using objects eliminates the need to explicitly parse text output to extract data.^[22]

Scripting [edit]

Windows PowerShell includes a dynamically typed scripting language which can implement complex operations using cmdlets imperatively. The scripting language supports variables, functions, branching (if-then-else), loops (while, do, for, and foreach), structured error/exception handling and closures/lambda expressions,^[23] as well as integration with .NET. Variables in PowerShell scripts have names that start with $; they can be assigned any value, including the output of cmdlets. Strings can be enclosed either in single quotes or in double quotes: when using double quotes, variables will be expanded even if they are inside the quotation marks. According to the variable syntax, if the path to a file is enclosed in braces preceded by a dollar sign (as in ${C:\foo.txt}), it refers to the contents of the file. If it is used as an L-value, anything assigned to it will be written to the file. When used as an R-value, it will be read from the file. If an object is assigned, it is serialized before storing it.^{[citation needed]}

Object members can be accessed using . notation, as in C# syntax. PowerShell provides special variables, such as $args, which is an array of all the command line arguments passed to a function from the command line, and $_, which refers to the current object in the pipeline.^[24] PowerShell also provides arrays and associative arrays. The PowerShell scripting language also evaluates arithmetic expressions entered on the command line immediately, and it parses common abbreviations, such as GB, MB, and KB.^{[citation needed]}

Using the function keyword, PowerShell provides for the creation of functions, which can take parameters. A common problem for people new to PowerShell is that function arguments are separated by spaces, not commas:

1. <function> <param1> <param2>: Calls the function with two arguments. (These arguments may be bound to parameters declared in the function definition or accessed by position from the $args array.)
2. <function>(<param1>, <param2>): Calls the function with a single argument, a two element array.^{[citation needed]}

PowerShell allows any .NET methods to be called by providing their namespaces enclosed in brackets ([]), and then using a pair of colons (::) to indicate the static method.^[25] For example, [System.Console]::WriteLine("PowerShell"). Objects are created using the New-Object cmdlet. Calling methods of .NET objects is accomplished by using the regular . notation.^[25]

For error handling, PowerShell provides a .NET-based exception handling mechanism. In case of errors, objects containing information about the error (Exception object) are thrown, which are caught using the trap keyword. However, the action-or-error is configurable; in case of an error, PowerShell can be configured to silently resume execution, without trapping the exception.^[26]

Scripts written using PowerShell can be made to persist across sessions in a .ps1 file. Later, either the entire script or individual functions in the script can be used. Scripts and functions are used analogously with cmdlets, in that they can be used as commands in pipelines, and parameters can be bound to them. Pipeline objects can be passed between functions, scripts, and cmdlets seamlessly. However, script execution is disabled by default and must be enabled explicitly.^[27] PowerShell scripts can be signed to verify their integrity, and are subject to Code Access Security.^{[citation needed]}

The PowerShell scripting language supports binary prefix notation similar to the scientific notation supported by many programming languages in the C-family.^{[citation needed]}

Hosting [edit]

Another use of PowerShell is being embedded in a management application, which uses the PowerShell runtime to implement the management functionality. For this, PowerShell provides a managed hosting API. Via the APIs, the application can instantiate a runspace (one instantiation of the PowerShell runtime), which runs in the application's process and is exposed as a Runspace object.^[2] The state of the runspace is encased in a SessionState object. When the runspace is created, the Windows PowerShell runtime initializes the instantiation, including initializing the providers and enumerating the cmdlets, and updates the SessionState object accordingly. The Runspace then must be opened for either synchronous processing or asynchronous processing. After that it can be used to execute commands.^{[citation needed]}

To execute a command, a pipeline (represented by a Pipeline object) must be created and associated with the runspace. The pipeline object is then populated with the cmdlets that make up the pipeline. For sequential operations (as in a PowerShell script), a Pipeline object is created for each statement and nested inside another Pipeline object.^[2] When a pipeline is created, Windows PowerShell invokes the pipeline processor, which resolves the cmdlets into their respective assemblies (the command processor) and adds a reference to them to the pipeline, and associates them with InputPipe, Outputpipe and ErrorOutputPipe objects, to represent the connection with the pipeline. The types are verified and parameters bound using reflection.^[2] Once the pipeline is set up, the host calls the Invoke() method to run the commands, or its asynchronous equivalent - InvokeAsync(). If the pipeline has the Write-Host cmdlet at the end of the pipeline, it writes the result onto the console screen. If not, the results are handed over to the host, which might either apply further processing or display it itself.^{[citation needed]}

The hosting APIs are used by Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 to provide its management GUI. Each operation exposed in the GUI is mapped to a sequence of PowerShell commands (or pipelines). The host creates the pipeline and executes them. In fact, the interactive PowerShell console itself is a PowerShell host, which interprets the scripts entered at command line and creates the necessary Pipeline objects and invokes them.^{[citation needed]}

Versions [edit]

Initially using the code name "Monad", PowerShell was first shown publicly at the Professional Developers Conference in September 2003. Microsoft has released three versions of PowerShell, all of which are still supported.^[28]

Version 1.0 [edit]

Version 1.0 was released in 2006 for Windows XP SP2/SP3, Windows Server 2003, and Windows Vista. For Windows Server 2008, it is included as an optional feature.^{[citation needed]}

Version 2.0 [edit]

Version 2.0 is integrated with Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 and is released for Windows XP with Service Pack 3, Windows Server 2003 with Service Pack 2, and Windows Vista with Service Pack 1.^[29]

Microsoft released PowerShell 2.0 with Windows 7 and Windows 2008 R2. Windows PowerShell 2.0 is installed by default on Windows Server 2008 R2 (except on Core installations where it is optional) and Windows 7. ^[30] For older platforms it is available via the Windows Management Framework.^[31] PowerShell V2 includes changes to the scripting language and hosting API, in addition to including more than 240 new cmdlets.^[32][33]

Some of the new features included in PowerShell V2 were: ^{[34] [35] [36]}

• PowerShell Remoting: Using WS-Management, PowerShell 2.0 allows scripts and cmdlets to be invoked on a remote machine or a large set of remote machines.
• Background Jobs: Also called a PSJob, it allows a command sequence (script) or pipeline to be invoked asynchronously. Jobs can be run on the local machine or on multiple remote machines. An interactive cmdlet in a PSJob blocks the execution of the job until user input is provided.
• Transactions: Enable cmdlet and developers can perform transactional operations. PowerShell 2.0 includes transaction cmdlets for starting, committing, and rolling back a PSTransaction as well as features to manage and direct the transaction to the participating cmdlet and provider operations. The PowerShell Registry provider supports transactions.
• ScriptCmdlets: These are cmdlets written using the PowerShell scripting language. NOTE: The preferred name for script cmdlets is now Advanced Functions.
• SteppablePipelines: This allows the user to control when the BeginProcessing(), ProcessRecord() and EndProcessing() functions of a cmdlet are called.
• Modules: This allows script developers and administrators to organize and partition PowerShell scripts in self-contained, reusable units. Code from a module executes in its own self-contained context and does not affect the state outside of the module. Modules can define a restricted runspace environment by using a script. They have a persistent state as well as public and private members.
• Data Language: A domain-specific subset of the PowerShell scripting language that allows data definitions to be decoupled from the scripts and allows localized string resources to be imported into the script at runtime (Script Internationalization).
• Script Debugging: It allows breakpoints to be set in a PowerShell script or function. Breakpoints can be set on lines, line & columns, commands and read or write access of variables. It includes a set of cmdlets to control the breakpoints via script.
• Eventing: This feature allows listening, forwarding, and acting on management and system events. Eventing allows PowerShell hosts to be notified about state changes to their managed entities. It also enables PowerShell scripts to subscribe to ObjectEvents, PSEvents, and WmiEvents and process them synchronously and asynchronously.
• Windows PowerShell Integrated Scripting Environment (ISE): PowerShell 2.0 includes a GUI-based PowerShell host (formerly known as Graphical Windows PowerShell) that provides integrated debugger, syntax highlighting, tab completion and up to 8 PowerShell Unicode-enabled consoles (Runspaces) in a tabbed UI, as well as the ability to run only the selected parts in a script.
• Network File Transfer: Native support for prioritized, throttled, and asynchronous transfer of files between machines using the Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS).^[37]
• New Cmdlets: Including Out-GridView, which displays tabular data in the WPF GridView object.
• New Operators: -Split, -Join, and Splatting (@) operators.
• Exception Handling with Try-Catch-Finally: Unlike other .NET languages, this allows multiple exception types for a single catch block.
• Nestable Here-Strings: PowerShell Here-Strings have been improved and can now nest.^[38]
• Block Comments: PowerShell 2.0 supports block comments using <# and #> as delimiters.^[39]
• New APIs: The new APIs range from handing more control over the PowerShell parser and runtime to the host, to creating and managing collection of Runspaces (RunspacePools) as well as the ability to create Restricted Runspaces which only allow a configured subset of PowerShell to be invoked. The new APIs also support participation in a Windows PowerShell managed transaction.

Version 3.0 [edit]

Version 3.0 is integrated with Windows 8 and with Windows Server 2012. Microsoft has also made PowerShell 3 available for Windows 7 with Service Pack 1, for Windows Server 2008 with Service Pack 1, and for Windows Server 2008 R2 with Service Pack 1.^[40][41]

PowerShell 3.0 is part of a larger package, Windows Management Framework 3.0 (WMF3), which also contains the WinRM service to support remoting.^[41] Microsoft made several Community Technology Preview releases of WMF3. An early community technology preview 2 (CTP 2) version of Windows Management Framework 3.0 was released on 2 December 2011 (17 months ago).^[42] Since then, updated versions have been shipped in the Windows 8 and Server 2012 beta and release candidate versions.^{[citation needed]}

New features in PowerShell 3.0 include:^{[41][43]:33–34}

• Scheduled jobs: Jobs in PowerShell 3.0 can be scheduled to run on a preset time and date
• Session connectivity: Sessions in PowerShell 3.0 can be disconnected and reconnected. In addition, remote sessions are now more tolerant of temporary network failures.
• Improved code writing: PowerShell 3.0 supports code autocompletion (IntelliSense) and Snippets. PowerShell ISE allows users to use dialog boxes to fill in parameters for PowerShell cmdlets.
• Delegation support: Like Active Directory, PowerShell 3.0 allows individual administrative tasks to be delegated to users who do not have permissions for that type of task, without granting them perpetual additional permissions.
• Help update: Help documentations can now be updated via Update-Help command.

Comparison of cmdlets with similar commands [edit]

The following table contains a selection of the cmdlets that ship with PowerShell, noting similar commands in other well-known command-line interpreters. Many of these similar commands come out-of-the-box defined as aliases within PowerShell, making it easy for people familiar with other common shells to start working.

PowerShell (Cmdlet)	PowerShell (Alias)	CMD.EXE / COMMAND.COM	Unix shell	Description
Get-ChildItem	gci, dir, ls	dir	ls	List all files / directories in the (current) directory
Get-Content	gc, type, cat	type	cat	Get the content of a file
Get-Command	gcm	help	help, which	List available commands
Get-Help	help, man	help	man	Help on commands
Clear-Host	cls, clear	cls	clear	Clear the screen[Note 1]
Copy-Item	cpi, copy, cp	copy	cp	Copy one or several files / a whole directory tree
Move-Item	mi, move, mv	move	mv	Move a file / a directory to a new location
Remove-Item	ri, del, erase, rmdir, rd, rm	del, erase, rmdir, rd	rm, rmdir	Delete a file / a directory
Rename-Item	rni, ren, mv	ren, rename	mv	Rename a file / a directory
Get-Location	gl, pwd	cd	pwd	Display the current directory/present working directory.
Pop-Location	popd	popd	popd	Change the current directory to the directory most recently pushed onto the stack
Push-Location	pushd	pushd	pushd	Push the current directory onto the stack
Set-Location	sl, cd, chdir	cd, chdir	cd	Change the current directory
Tee-Object	tee	n/a	tee	Pipe input to a file or variable, then pass the input along the pipeline
Write-Output	echo, write	echo	echo	Print strings, variables etc. to standard output
Get-Process	gps, ps	tlist,[Note 2] tasklist[Note 3]	ps	List all currently running processes
Stop-Process	spps, kill	kill,[Note 2] taskkill[Note 3]	kill[Note 4]	Stop a running process
Select-String	sls	find, findstr	grep	Print lines matching a pattern
Set-Variable	sv, set	set	env, export, set, setenv	Set the value of a variable / create a variable

---

Notes

1. ^ Clear-Host is implemented as a predefined PowerShell function.
2. ^ ^{a b} Available in Windows NT4, Windows 98 Resource Kit, Windows 2000 Support Tools
3. ^ ^{a b} Available in Windows XP Professional Edition and later
4. ^ Also used in UNIX to send a process any signal, the "Terminate" signal is merely the default

Examples [edit]

Examples are provided first using the long-form canonical syntax and then using more terse UNIX-like and DOS-like aliases that are set up in the default configuration. For a list of all aliases, use the Get-Alias Cmdlet.

• Stop all processes that begin with the letter p:

 PS> Get-Process p* | Stop-Process

 PS> ps p* | kill

• Find the processes that use more than 1000 MB of memory and kill them:

 PS> Get-Process | Where-Object { $_.WS -gt 1000MB } | Stop-Process  # V1/V2 Syntax
 PS> Get-Process | Where-Object WS -gt 1000MB | Stop-Process         # V3 Syntax
 PS> ps | ? WS -gt 1000MB | kill                                     # V3 Syntax

• Calculate the number of bytes in the files in a directory:

 PS> Get-Childitem | Measure-Object -Property Length -Sum

 PS> ls  | measure length -s

 PS> dir | measure length -s

• Determine whether a specific process is no longer running:

 PS> $processToWatch = Get-Process Notepad
 PS> $processToWatch.WaitForExit()

 PS> (ps notepad).WaitForExit()

• Change the case of a string from lower to upper:

 PS> 'hello, world!'.ToUpper()

• Insert the string 'ABC' after the first character in the word 'string' to have the result 'sABCtring':

 PS> 'string'.Insert(1, 'ABC')

• Download a specific RSS feed and show the titles of the 8 most recent entries:

 PS> $rssUrl = 'http://blogs.msdn.com/powershell/rss.aspx'
 PS> $blog = [xml](new-object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString($rssUrl)
 PS> $blog.rss.channel.item | select title -first 8

 PS> $x = new-object xml
 PS> $x.load('http://blogs.msdn.com/powershell/rss.aspx')
 PS> $x.rss.channel.item | select title -f 8

• Sets $UserProfile to the value of the UserProfile environment variable

 PS> $UserProfile = $env:UserProfile

• Call a static method of a .Net object

 PS> [System.Math]::Sqrt(16)
 4

• Run a command line executable with arguments:

 PS> [Array]$arguments = '-h', '15', 'www.Wikipedia.com'
 PS> tracert $arguments

• Get the serial number of a remote computer from WMI:

 PS> Get-WmiObject -ComputerName MyServer -Class Win32_BIOS | Select-Object SerialNumber

 PS> gwmi -co MyServer Win32_BIOS | select SerialNumber

File extensions [edit]

• PS1 – Windows PowerShell shell script
• PS1XML – Windows PowerShell format and type definitions
• PSC1 – Windows PowerShell console file
• PSD1 – Windows PowerShell data file (for Version 2)
• PSM1 – Windows PowerShell module file (for Version 2)

Application support [edit]

Snap-ins and hosts [edit]

Application	Version	Cmdlets	Provider	Management GUI
Exchange Server	2007	402	Yes	Yes
Windows Server	2008	Yes	Yes	No
Microsoft SQL Server	2008	Yes	Yes	No
System Center Operations Manager	2007	74	Yes	No
System Center Virtual Machine Manager	2007	Yes	Yes	Yes
System Center Data Protection Manager	2007	Yes	No	No
Windows Compute Cluster Server	2007	Yes	Yes	No
Microsoft Transporter Suite for Lotus Domino[44]	08.02.0012	47	No	No
Microsoft PowerTools for Open XML[45]	1.0	33	No	No
IBM WebSphere MQ[46]	6.0.2.2	44	No	No
Quest Management Shell for Active Directory[47]	1.1	40	No	No
Special Operations Software Specops Command[48]	1.0	Yes	No	Yes
VMware vSphere PowerCLI[49]	5.1 R2	370	No	Yes
Internet Information Services[50]	7.0	54	Yes	No
Windows 7 Troubleshooting Center[51]	6.1	Yes	No	Yes
Microsoft Deployment Toolkit	2010	Yes	No	No
NetApp Data ONTAP PowerShell Toolkit[52]	2.1	1158	Yes	Yes
JAMS Scheduler - Job Access & Management System[53]	5.0	52	Yes	Yes
UIAutomation[54]	0.8	432	No	No
Dell Equallogic[55]	3.5	55	No	No
LOGINventory[56]	5.8	Yes	Yes	Yes
SePSX[57]	0.4.1	39	No	No

Alternative implementation [edit]

A project named Pash (the name is a pun on the well-known "bash" Unix shell^[58]) has been an open source and cross-platform reimplementation of PowerShell via the Mono framework. Pash was created by Igor Moochnick, written in C# and was released under the GNU General Public License. Pash development stalled in 2008, but development was restarted in 2012.^[58][59]

See also [edit]

• Common Information Model
• Comparison of command shells
• Comparison of programming languages
• Web-Based Enterprise Management
• Windows Script Host

References [edit]

Further reading [edit]

• Holmes, Lee. Windows PowerShell Quick Reference. ISBN 0-596-52813-2. 
• Holmes, Lee. Windows PowerShell Cookbook. ISBN 0-596-52849-3. Retrieved 2010-09-19. 
• Johnson, Willis. Scripting SQL Management Objects in Windows PowerShell. ISBN 978-0-470-27935-9. Retrieved 2010-09-19. 
• Don Jones, Jeffery Hicks. Windows PowerShell 2.0: TFM. ISBN 978-0-9821314-2-8. 
• Kopczynski, Tyson. Windows PowerShell Unleashed. ISBN 0-672-32953-0. 
• Kumaravel, Arul; Jon White, Michael Naixin Li, Scott Happell, Guohui Xie, Krishna C. Vutukuri. Professional Windows PowerShell Programming: Snapins, Cmdlets, Hosts and Providers. ISBN 0-470-17393-9. Retrieved 2010-09-19. 
• Oakley, Andy. Monad (AKA PowerShell). ISBN 0-596-10009-4. 
• Rottenberg, Hal. Managing VMware Infrastructure with Windows PowerShell: TFM. ISBN 0-9821314-0-2. Retrieved 2010-09-19. 
• Tyson Kopczynski, Pete Handley, Marco Shaw. Windows PowerShell Unleashed. ISBN 978-0-672-32988-3. 
• Watt, Andrew. Professional Windows PowerShell. ISBN 0-471-94693-1. Retrieved 2010-09-19. 
• Wilson, Ed. Microsoft Windows PowerShell Step By Step. ISBN 0-7356-2395-3. 

External links [edit]

• Microsoft's Windows PowerShell webpage
• Download Windows PowerShell 3.0
• Windows PowerShell Team Blog
• Windows PowerShell Community Forum
• Windows PowerShell Quick Reference Materials

v t e Microsoft Windows components Management tools Backup and Restore Center Command Prompt Control Panel Applets Device Manager Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Driver Verifier Event Viewer IExpress Management Console Netsh Problem Reports and Solutions Recovery Console Resource Monitor ScanDisk Sysprep System Configuration System File Checker System Policy Editor System Restore Task Manager Windows Easy Transfer Windows Installer Windows PowerShell Windows Update WinPE WinRE WinSAT WMI Applications Calculator Character Map Contacts DVD Maker Family Safety Fax and Scan Internet Explorer Journal Magnifier Media Center Media Player Mobile Device Center Mobility Center Narrator Notepad Paint Private Character Editor Remote Assistance Snipping Tool Sound Recorder Speech Recognition Store Tablet PC Input Panel Windows Desktop Gadgets Windows Photo Viewer Windows To Go WordPad Shell Aero AutoPlay AutoRun ClearType Explorer Search IFilter Saved search Namespace Special folder Start menu Taskbar Services Service Control Manager BITS CLFS Multimedia Class Scheduler Shadow Copy Task Scheduler Error Reporting Wireless Zero Configuration File systems CDFS DFS exFAT IFS FAT FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 NTFS Hard link Junction point Mount Point Reparse point Symbolic link TxF EFS ReFS UDF WinFS Server Domains Active Directory DNS Group Policy Roaming user profiles Folder redirection Distributed Transaction Coordinator MSMQ Windows Media Services Rights Management Services IIS Remote Desktop Services WSUS Windows SharePoint Services Network Access Protection PWS DFS Replication Remote Differential Compression Print Services for UNIX Remote Installation Services Windows Deployment Services System Resource Manager Hyper-V Architecture Architecture of Windows NT Vista startup Vista I/O CSRSS Desktop Window Manager DLL Enhanced Write Filter EXE File Protection Graphics Device Interface hal.dll I/O request packet Imaging Format Kernel Transaction Manager Library files Logical Disk Manager LSASS MinWin NTLDR Ntoskrnl.exe Object Manager Open XML Paper Specification Registry Resource Protection Security Accounts Manager Server Message Block Shadow Copy SMSS Startup process System Idle Process USER Win32 console Winlogon Security Action Center BitLocker Data Execution Prevention Kernel Patch Protection Mandatory Integrity Control Protected Media Path User Account Control User Interface Privilege Isolation Windows Defender Windows Firewall Compatibility COMMAND.COM Windows Services for UNIX POSIX subsystem Interix Virtual DOS machine Windows on Windows WoW64 API Active Scripting WSH VBScript JScript COM ActiveX ActiveX Document COM Structured storage DCOM OLE OLE Automation Transaction Server DirectX .NET Framework Windows Runtime Games (discontinued) 3D Pinball for Windows - Space Cadet Chess Titans FreeCell Hearts Hold 'Em Hover! InkBall Mahjong Titans Tinker Minesweeper Purble Place Reversi Solitaire Spider Solitaire Related software IEAK MDOP MDT Microsoft Plus! WAIK Windows Virtual PC

v t e DOS and Windows command line programs and built-ins File system (basic) attrib cd chdir copy del deltree dir erase expand fdisk format makecab md mkdir mklink mountvol move ntbackup rd ren rename rmdir robocopy sfc sys type wbadmin xcopy File system (advanced) assoc cacls chkdsk chkntfs cipher comp compact convert defrag diskcomp diskcopy diskpart diskperf fc fixboot fixmbr fsutil ftype icacls join label recover regsvr32 replace rsm scandisk subst tree verify vol vssadmin Processes at exit kill powercfg sc schtasks shutdown start taskkill tasklist tlist Registry reg regini User environment append chcp color date eventcreate finger graftabl mode path pnputil popd pushd runas set setver setx systeminfo time title ver wevtutil whoami winsat Text processing edit edlin more sort Shell programming break call choice cmd command cscript doskey echo endlocal for forfiles goto if pause powershell prompt rem setlocal shift Networking arp atmadm bitsadmin cmstp ftp getmac hostname ipconfig nbtstat net net use netsh netstat nslookup pathping ping rcp rexec route rpcping rsh tcmsetup telnet tftp tracert Searching find findstr where Miscellaneous bcdedit bootcfg clip cls debug Environment variables exe2bin help lpq lpr msiexec print w32tm wmic List of MS-DOS commands

v t e .NET Framework Architecture History Base Class Library Common Language Runtime Code Access Security Assembly Manifest Metadata COM Interop Application domain Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) Common Language Infrastructure Common Type System Common Intermediate Language Virtual Execution System CLI Languages Common C# Visual Basic .NET C++/CLI Managed F# J# JScript .NET Windows PowerShell Other Axum A# Boo Cobra M Oxygene IronScheme (IronLisp) IronPython IronRuby Nemerle Phalanger P# Scala Components ADO.NET Entity Framework Data Services ASP.NET AJAX MVC Dynamic Data CardSpace ClickOnce CLR Profiler Communication Foundation Dynamic Language Runtime Forms LINQ Managed Extensibility Framework Parallel Extensions Presentation Foundation Remoting "Roslyn" Workflow Foundation XAML Other implementations Mono Compact Framework XNA Framework Micro Framework Portable.NET Silverlight SSCLI Comparisons Java and C# C# and Visual Basic .NET Java and .NET platforms Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET Category List

v t e Microsoft APIs and frameworks Graphics Desktop Window Manager Direct2D Direct3D D3D (extensions) GDI / GDI+ WPF Silverlight WinRT XAML Windows Color System Windows Image Acquisition Windows Imaging Component Audio DirectMusic DirectSound DirectX plugin XACT Speech API XAudio2 Multimedia DirectX Media Objects Video Acceleration DirectInput DirectShow Image Mastering API Managed DirectX Media Foundation XNA Windows Media Video for Windows Web MSHTML RSS Platform JScript VBScript BHO XDR SideBar Gadgets TypeScript Data access Data Access Components Extensible Storage Engine ADO.NET Entity Framework Sync Framework Jet Engine MSXML OLE DB OPC Networking Winsock LSP Winsock Kernel Filtering Platform Network Driver Interface Specification Windows Rally BITS P2P API MSMQ MS MPI DirectPlay Communication Messaging API Telephony API WCF Administration and management Win32 console Windows Script Host WMI (extensions) PowerShell Task Scheduler Offline Files Shadow Copy Windows Installer Error Reporting Event Log Common Log File System Component model COM COM+ ActiveX Distributed Component Object Model .NET Framework Libraries Base Class Library (BCL) Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) Active Template Library (ATL) Windows Template Library (WTL) Device drivers Windows Driver Model Windows Driver Foundation KMDF UMDF WDDM NDIS UAA Broadcast Driver Architecture VxD Security Crypto API CAPICOM Windows CardSpace Data Protection API Security Support Provider Interface (SSPI) .NET ASP.NET ADO.NET Base Class Library (BCL) Remoting Silverlight TPL WCF WCS WPF WF Software factories EFx Factory Enterprise Library Composite UI CCF CSF IPC MSRPC Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) Remoting WCF Accessibility Active Accessibility UI Automation Text and multilingual support DirectWrite Text Services Framework Text Object Model Input method editor Language Interface Pack Multilingual User Interface Uniscribe