| X-linked lymphoproliferative disease | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | D82.3 |
| OMIM | 308240 300635 |
| DiseasesDB | 3998 |
| eMedicine | med/1370 |
| MeSH | D008232 |
| GeneReviews | |
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (also known as "Duncan's disease"[1]:86 or "Purtilo syndrome"[2]) is a lymphoproliferative disorder.[3]
Contents |
Causes [edit]
XLP1 [edit]
There is a mutation on the X-chromosome that has been found to be associated with a T- and NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. The mutation is on the long arm of the chromosome, at position 25, which is denoted as Xq25. At this position, there is a deletion in the SH2D1A gene, which codes for an SH2 domain on a signal transducing protein called SLAM-associated protein (SAP).
The term "SH2" domain stands for src-homology 2 domain, which is a three-dimensional domain structure of about 100 amino acid residues. These domains are present in many signalling proteins because they permit specific, non-covalent bonding to proteins that contain phosphotyrosines. The amino acid residues adjacent to the phosphotyrosine on the target protein are what determine the unique binding specificity.[4]
The SAP protein is important in the signalling events that activate T- and NK-cells[5] because it functions as an intracellular adapter that transduces T- and NK-cell activation. Normally, the SAP protein is expressed in the cytoplasm of T- and NK-cells, where it binds to the cytoplasmic domain of the surface receptor called signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). This binding initiates a signal transduction pathway, which results in the modulation of IFN-γ. A deletion in the SH2D1A gene leads to a non-functional SH2 domain on the SAP protein, which means it is unable to bind to the SLAM molecule, leading to a lack of modulation of IFN-γ, causing uncontrolled cell proliferation.
XLP2 [edit]
A second form is associated with XIAP.[6]
Some sources recommend classifying this condition as "X-linked familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis" instead of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease.[7]
Presentation [edit]
Strangely, in boys with X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder, there is an inability to mount an immune response to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),[8] which often leads to death from bone marrow failure, irreversible hepatitis, and malignant lymphoma. However, the connection between EBV and X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder is yet to be determined.[9]
Patients produce insufficient numbers of CD27 memory B cells.[10]
References [edit]
- ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/x-linked-lymphoproliferative-disease
- ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 808. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
- ^ Abbas, A.K; Lichtman, A.H. (2005). Cellular and Molecular Immunology (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
- ^ X-linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Professional Edition
- ^ Rigaud S, Fondanèche MC, Lambert N, et al. (November 2006). "XIAP deficiency in humans causes an X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome". Nature 444 (7115): 110–4. doi:10.1038/nature05257. PMID 17080092.
- ^ Marsh RA, Madden L, Kitchen BJ, et al. (August 2010). "XIAP deficiency: a unique primary immunodeficiency best classified as X-linked familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and not as X-linked lymphoproliferative disease". Blood 116 (7): 1079–82. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-01-256099. PMC 2938130. PMID 20489057.
- ^ Kumar,Vinay; Cotran, Ramzi S.; Robbins, Stanley L. (2003). Robbins Basic Pathology, 7th Edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 418. ISBN 1-4160-2534-0.
- ^ Lymphoproliferative Disorders at eMedicine
- ^ Ma CS, Pittaluga S, Avery DT, et al. (February 2006). "Selective generation of functional somatically mutated IgM+CD27+, but not Ig isotype-switched, memory B cells in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease". J. Clin. Invest. 116 (2): 322–33. doi:10.1172/JCI25720. PMC 1332028. PMID 16424938.
External links [edit]
- X-linked lymphoproliferative disease community
- XLP Research Trust
- GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Lymphoproliferative Disease, X-Linked
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